海南中部山区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

海南中部山区是全省生态功能的核心区,对维持全岛生态平衡与可持续发展起着十分重要的作用。本文依据2005年SPOT2、SPOT4遥感影像（10米分辨率）所提取的专题图层分析统计出中部山区森林生态系统类型和面积,提出了各类型生态系统服务功能评价指标沐系,分为提供产品、调节功能、文化功能和支持功能4种类型;并利用生态经济相关理论基础对备服务功能价值进行了初步评价．结果表明,海南中部山区森林生态系统8种类型9种服务功能总价值为1549．5×10^8元／a,其中调节功能达1472．8×10^8元,占总服务功能价值的90％以上。为进一步提高人们的生态环保意识和促进海南生态补偿机制的建立提供重要参考。     

浅析非谓语动词的教学难点

动名词、不定式、分词是非谓语动词的三种基本形式,它们在句中虽具有动词的特点,却不做谓语,不受＂人称＂和＂数＂的限制,发挥着谓语之外的其它语法功能,因此成为了许多初学者的学习难点。本文基于作者多年教学实践的总结和研究,对非谓语动词的用法进行了提炼,重点分析了非谓语动词的学习难点：非谓语动词的动词特性、非谓语动词的语法功能、非谓语动词的逻辑主语,旨在以此提高学习者的语法运用能力。     

基于中国股市微观结构的流动性与执行成本分析

运用市场微观结构理论来分析中国股市的交易制度、流动性和执行成本后发现:(1)在佣金和交易税相等的条件下,B股的知情交易者执行成本普遍大于A股,导致B股的流动性小于A股,买卖价差显著大于A股,表明投资者对B股交易要求较高的风险报酬;(2)一旦控制住执行成本中普通交易者对知情交易者所要求的风险补偿,A、B股买卖价差的区别就消失了。因此,证券管理部门应在B股市场引入做市商制度并在微观结构理论的指导下,加强交易监管系统,从而提高B股的流动性并降低其执行成本。     

新古典生产函数的质疑与货币量值的生产函数

新古典理论以生产函数和效用函数为基础,建立了技术关系的稀缺资源有效配置理论,其核心是表明商品和要素稀缺性的相对价格.生产函数在微观尚可应用,但并不能用于解释总量经济和经济增长与波动问题.尤其是总供给完全取决于实物生产函数的投入产出关系,这与总需求分析所采用的货币支出是不协调的.货币量值的生产函数的推导表明,总供给只是企业的货币成本函数而不联系到技术上的投入产出关系,而所有的国民收入核算中的货币量值都只是表明人们经济关系的名义变量而与实物的技术关系或生产函数是完全无关的.     

Efficiency in coalition games with externalities

A natural extension of superadditivity is not sufficient to imply that the grand coalition is efficient when externalities are present. We provide a condition, analogous to convexity, that is sufficient for the grand coalition to be efficient and show that this also implies that the (appropriately defined) core is nonempty. Moreover, we propose a mechanism which implements the most efficient partition for all coalition formation games and characterizes the resulting payoff division.     

Governance structures in R&D networks: An analysis in the European context

This paper analyses governance structures used to organize partnerships in R&D networks using two approaches: transaction costs theory and social capital theory. We argue that these theories are complementary; this explains forms of governance through the degrees of administrative (structural and safeguard mechanism) and social factors (cohesion and openness) they embody. Data was obtained from European R&D networks created through Framework Programmes which include a great number of universities, non profit institutions and firms. Findings show the variables that characterize and explain the governance forms based on the applicability of R&D networks. This study not only provides a theoretical model for analysing governance structures of these networks, but is also useful for both improving the management of networks and for fostering collaboration at an international level.     

生产性服务业推动制造业发展的实证分析

文章在对生产性服务业推动制造业发展和升级进行理论分析的基础上,运用计量经济方法从两方面分析了我国服务业尤其是生产性服务业对制造业发展的推动作用。第一,为说明服务业发展对制造业发展的促进作用,研究了各省 （市、区） 制造业增加值与服务业总体增加值以及交通运输仓储和邮政业、金融业、批发和零售业等服务行业增加值的关系。第二,为进一步说明生产性服务业投入作为重要的中间投入对制造业发展的促进作用,研究了北京各工业行业增加值与流通服务、信息服务、金融服务、商务服务、科技服务五个生产性服务业投入的关系。计量经济分析支持服务业对制造业发展具有积极作用和生产性服务投入对制造业发展具有积极作用的原假设。但个别变量不显著,也表明服务业对制造业的推动作用尚未充分发挥出来。这为进一步促进我国生产性服务业发展并以其推动制造业发展升级提供了依据。文章相应提出了对策建议。     

陕西省南郑县户用沼气池经济效益分析

本文通过对陕西省南郑县产用沼气泡成本、收益和经济效益的分析评价，希冀以效益促进户用沼气池的推广。通过投入要土的企敏度分析，指出户用沼气池推广的关键因土，并提出对策性建议。     

Evaluating drug cost per responder and number needed to treat associated with lixisenatide on top of glargine when compared to rapid-acting insulin intensification regimens on top of glargine,in patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK,Italy, and Spain

Objectives: This study investigated the cost per responder and number needed to treat (NNT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients for lixisenatide compared to insulin intensification regimens using composite endpoints in the UK, Italy, and Spain.

Methods: Efficacy and safety outcomes were obtained from GetGoal Duo-2, a 26-week phase 3 trial comparing lixisenatide vs insulin glulisine (IG) once daily (QD) and three times daily (TID). Response at week 26 was extrapolated to 52 weeks, assuming a maintained treatment effect, based on long-term evidence in other T2DM populations. Responders were defined using composite end-points, based on an HbA1c threshold and/or no weight gain and/or no hypoglycemia. The HbA1c threshold was varied in sensitivity analyses. Annual treatment costs were estimated in euros (1 GBP?=?1.26 EUR), including drug acquisition and resource use costs. Cost per responder was computed by dividing annual treatment costs per patient by the proportion of responders.

Results: Lixisenatide was associated with the lowest cost per responder for all composite end-points that included a weight-related component. For the main composite end-point of HbA1c ≤7.5% AND no weight gain AND no symptomatic hypoglycemia, cost per responder results were: UK: 6,867€, 8,746€, and 12,410€; Italy: 7,057€, 9,160€, and 12,844€; Spain: 8,370€, 11,365€, and 17,038€, for lixisenatide, IG QD, and TID, respectively. The NNT analysis showed that, for every 6.85 and 5.86 patients treated with lixisenatide, there was approximately one additional responder compared to IG QD and TID, respectively.

Limitations: A limitation of the clinical inputs is the lack of 52-week trial data from GetGoal Duo-2, which led to the assumption of a maintained treatment effect from week 26 to 52.

Conclusions: This analysis suggests lixisenatide is an efficient economic resource allocation in the UK, Italy, and Spain.     

民营经济发展中的深层阻滞因素辨析

民营经济的快速发展已经像其成为中国经济增长的重要引擎。但从运行层面看,民营经济仍然面对各种体制与非体制、人为和非人为的制约因素。目前民营企业普遍反映影响其可能持续发展的主要因素集中在政府政策、融资及资金、人才、创新与技术进步以及管理问题等方面。