内陆干旱地区林业生态工程扶贫开发模式的探索

内陆干旱少数民族地区扶贫开发面临着既要改善脆弱的生态环境又要使广大少数民族农民尽快脱贫致富的双重任务.林业生态工程建设只有通过与特色产品基地建设相结合,与扶贫开发相结合,与增加农民生产资料占有量相结合,才能在改善恶劣生态环境的同时,促进项目区产业结构调整,改变贫困农户收入结构单一的现状.只有通过林业生态资产产权制度的创新,调动项目区政府和贫困农民参与建设的积极性,才能使林业生态资产保值增值,使贫困农民尽快走上富裕之路.     

Stimulating organic farming via publicly provided services and an auction-based subsidy

Governments generally use a mix of temporary hectare paymentsand provision of public services to stimulate the organic cropsector. In this paper, a conceptual model is developed for determininga socially optimal hectare payment for any given level of publicservices. Farm heterogeneity, due to the variability of soilquality and management skills, is explicitly taken into account.Using an nth price auction mechanism, farmers indicate whattheir reservation subsidy is for a given level of public inputprovision. The results of this auction are used to determinethe government's optimal policy choices.     

脱水污泥在干发酵过程初期的生物降解规律研究

为模拟污水厂脱水污泥在填埋场中的生物降解过程，进行了脱水污泥干发酵的实验研究。测量了脱水污泥在干发酵的过程中与之相关的各种参数TOC、TN、VFA等的数值变化，得出了脱水污泥在干发酵过程中TOC和TN随着时间其浓度增加的规律，为污泥的填埋稳定化提供了理论指导。     

四川省丰枯季节和峰谷分时电价的状况分析

介绍了四川电网执行丰枯和峰谷电价的背景,将实施丰枯和峰谷电价前后的状况进行了比较,指出了继续执行的必要性。同时分析了目前此电价中存在的问题,并对解决这些问题提出了建议。     

What are the Determinants of Large‐scale Farming in China?

The Chinese Government has increased its focus on expanding farm scale to promote agricultural development since 2010. A series of favorable polices has been adopted to support large‐scale farming. Using a multivariate probit model and 2015 and 2016 rural household survey data, the present paper examines the factors that influence small farmers' decision to become large‐scale farmers. The empirical regression results suggest that the decision to become a large‐scale farmer is significantly influenced by household human capital, cooperative membership, marketing channels, land‐transfer contracts and government policies. However, the influence of these factors differs with respect to becoming large‐scale grain and non‐grain farmers. These results imply that policy tools should target these factors and the appropriate group of small‐scale farmers. Generally, both central and local governments should promote large‐scale farming by enhancing rural households' human capital, improving marketing channels and providing agricultural social services, as well as encouraging returning migrant workers to engage in large‐scale farming.     

A holistic approach to land system dynamics – The Monfurado case in Alentejo,Portugal

Understanding land system dynamics is fundamental for policy-making from local to global scale. Land system is a combination of land use, land management and territorial practices. To attain such complete information about landscape structures is a challenging task. Aiming to deepen knowledge on land systems, we applied a methodology meant to achieve a broader understanding of dynamics in the Sítio de Monfurado (SM), a Natura 2000 site and holder of High Nature Value farming systems. To do so, we combined spatial analysis of land system changes with a participatory approach designated as Territory Game. While the spatial analysis shows little change in the SM land systems, the territory is perceived as fast-changing by the territorial actors (e.g., stakeholders with an explicit role in territorial development). At both scales, and in agreement with literature, we find trends of simplification and intensification in land systems, typically associated with the reduction of multifunctionality. The combination of both approaches contributed to the understanding of past changes, the drivers that induce such changes, how these are interpreted and, how to act upon them in the future. The proposed combined methodology can bring new useful insights for policy-makers, although scaling from local to broader scale remains a challenge.     

Insights into a black box! Comparison of organizational modes and their monetary implications for the producers of short rotation coppice (SRC) in Brandenburg/Germany

A substantial change in energy policy in Germany towards the substitution of fossil, nonrenewable energy resources is part of a current political and social process. This change has been accelerated by the government’s decision in summer 2011 to phase out nuclear energy, a direct result of the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan. As part of this development, new business activities and modes of organization for the provisioning of energy from alternative sources have emerged; one such activity is short rotation coppice (SRC) cultivation on agricultural land. In this paper, we compare the two prevailing organizational modes for SRC: independent production and contract farming. We use a mixed-methods approach to examine these modes from the producers’ point of view in Brandenburg/Germany. First, we give reasons for the producer’s choice between these two modes of organization based on the interviewee’s qualitative assessment of how these modes cope with perceived SRC-related challenges e.g. uncertainties. As economic uncertainty plays a major role in both refusal to adopt SRC and the choice of the mode of organization for SRC production, we secondly model the unknown economic outcome of the independent mode. We thereby give insights into the “black box”. This consists on the one hand of lacking economic figures for an economic comparison of both modes, and on the other hand of the producer’s decision-making process between both modes. For the latter, we use the theoretical approach of transaction costs to display ostensible non-monetary decision factors. Using a known monetary reference for the contract farming mode, we are able firstly to support a comparison of economic factors and secondly to identify and interpret the critical variables whose manifestations and/or changes are decisive for the economic outcome. The modelling results show that neither of the two modes performs better per se. This finding suggests that the weight ascribed to the transaction costs of SRC in each individual producer’s decision-making process is decisive for the producer’s choice of mode.     

无水港虚拟一体化联动发展模式研究

无水港"黄金水道"的巨大发展潜力吸引着我国内陆城市纷纷建设无水港,但是无水港在建设和运行中出现了很多问题:基础设施不完善、物流信息水平低、服务能力薄弱、与区域经济发展不协调等瓶颈问题。基于这些情况一种新型的无水港发展模式——无水港虚拟一体化联动发展模式被提上日程,即无水港、合作海港两港中间构建一个虚拟的港口整合两港资源,两港以虚拟港为平台,在政策、空间、电子口岸三方面一体化。这一模式在资源协同、成本降低、高效节能、绿色环保、安全保障、竞争力提升等方面的创新优势,实现以无水港为龙头带动区域经济可持续发展的目的。     

Evaluation of Target Area Concentration (TAC) Programme in Malaysia’s Integrated Cattle and Oil Palm Farming

Malaysia’s beef production falls under three types of production methods: traditional system, intensive system of cattle feedlots, and integrated farming system. The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the effectiveness of the target area concentration (TAC) programme conducted by the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) that focuses on the integrated farming system between cattle and oil palm plantation. This study intends to identify the programme’s achievement through context, input, process, and product (CIPP) analysis. The analysis reveals that the real needs of the programme context are being met by TAC; the provision meets the needs of inputs but there are some constraints; the implementation of the TAC programme is running well and receives good cooperation from farmers, but there are some constraints; and there is a positive impact of the programme in terms of production, income, employment, changes in knowledge, skill, attitude, and practice. Overall, the TAC programme has thus far achieved its objectives, but it needs some improvements.