PRICING CHAINED OPTIONS WITH CURVED BARRIERS

This paper studies barrier options which are chained together, each with payoff contingent on curved barriers. When the underlying asset price hits a primary curved barrier, a secondary barrier option is given to a primary barrier option holder. Then if the asset price hits another curved barrier, a third barrier option is given, and so on. We provide explicit price formulas for these options when two or more barrier options with exponential barriers are chained together. We then extend the results to the options with general curved barriers.     

Decision Factors Considered Important by MNCs in Their Reevaluation and/or Modification of Foreign Entry Modes During the Argentine Financial Crisis

ABSTRACT

Eighty-two multinational companies (MNCs) were surveyed during the recent (2001–2002) Argentine financial crisis to identify decision factors they considered important in reevaluating and/or altering their foreign entry modes during the crisis. The firms rated size of local demand, changes in trade barriers, changes in trade and tax policies, potential industrial growth, and customer attitudes as the most important issues to consider in their entry mode reevaluations. The least important factors were interactions between the host government and the IMF/WTO, physical infrastructure, neighboring economies, trading bloc associations, and availability of bargain assets. Differences were also found in factor importance ratings as to MNCs' willingness to reevaluate their foreign entry modes, their current modes of operations, and their willingness to change their foreign entry modes during the Argentine crisis. The research, managerial, and policy-making implications of the findings are discussed.

RESUMEN. Durante la reciente crisis financiera argentina (2001–2002), se examinaron ochenta y dos compañías multinacionales para identificar los factores inherentes a la toma de decisión, considerados importantes para reevaluar y/o alterar la modalidad de entrada de capital extranjero durante este período. Se tomaron en consideración los siguientes elementos, considerados importantes para realizar dicha reevaluación: tamaño de la demanda local de las empresas, cambio ocurrido en las barreras comerciales, cambios en el comercio, políticas impositivas, crecimiento industrial en potencia y reacción de los consumidores. Los factores menos importantes fueron las interacciones entre el gobierno anfitrión y el FMI/OMC, la infraestructura física, las economías vecinas, las asociaciones de bloques comerciales, y la disponibilidad de activos de negociación. También se encontraron discrepancias en la clasificación asignada a la buena voluntad que las CNM demostraban en reevaluar sus modalidades de entrada extranjera, así como sus modalidades corrientes de operación y su buena voluntad para cambiarlas durante la crisis argentina. Se discutieron además los resultados obtenidos cuanto a las implicancias investigatorias, gerenciales, y las relativas a la elaboración de políticas.

RESUMO. Analisaram-se 82 empresas multinacionais durante a recente crise financeira argentina (2001–2002), a fim de identificar os fatores decisórios considerados importantes para a reavaliação e/ou modificação do modo de entrada no mercado estrangeiro durante a crise. As empresas classificaram o tamanho da demanda local, as mudanças nas barreiras comerciais, mudanças nas políticas comerciais e fiscais, crescimento potencial do setor e atitudes dos clientes como os fatores mais importantes a serem considerados em sua reavaliação do modo de entrada. Os fatores menos importantes foram as interaç[otilde]es entre o governo local e o FMI/OIT, infra-estrutura física, economias vizinhas, associaç[otilde]es de comércio e disponibilidade de ativos para acordos comerciais. Foram encontradas também diferenças nas classificaç[otilde]es da importância de fatores como a disposição das multinacionais em reavaliar os modos de entrada no mercado estrangeiro, seus atuais modos de operação e sua disposição de alterar o modo de entrada no mercado estrangeiro durante a crise Argentina. O estudo discute também as implicaç[otilde]es dos achados para a gerência, as pesquisas e a elaboração de políticas.     

Mid-America Parts Company: An E-Commerce Case Study of a Successful International Small-Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME)

ABSTRACT

Mid-America Parts Company (MAPC) is a small U.S. firm located in the Midwest specializing in supplying heavy earthmoving equipment parts worldwide. In the mid-1990s the company began to experience challenges maintaining quality assurance while meeting a broad base of global customer parts needs at a profitable level. In the later half of the 1990s, the company initiated the use of a computer-based system to supply parts more efficiently to their customers. After numerous iterations, in 2000, Mid-America Parts Company finally established a customer data entry system that ensured ease of customer use while maintaining quality assurance. An important outcome of these efforts was enhanced customer relationships. This case study describes the company as it has successfully progressed along that path and identifies current issues yet to be addressed including the networking of both suppliers and customers. This paper includes questions related to reinforcing global customer relationship management (CRM) while pressing for the needs of efficiency gained from advanced computer technology. The information has been collected through site visits (2003 and 2004) in addition to traditional information-gathering methods. Although the company name and names of individuals have been changed, the specifics of the case are true as concerns the actual experience of this small-medium-sized enterprise (SME).     

The Genesis of Relationships

SUMMARY

Productive relationships between a company and its customers are often the result of positive relationships between the company and its boundary spanning employees. The career entry transition marks the beginning of these interpersonal relationships, which have a significant impact on marketing performance. Using a sample of newly hired boundary spanning employees, we examine the influence of individual difference factors on boundary spanners' appraisals of the career entry transition. Significant relationships are found between boundary spanners' positive and negative appraisals of the transition and personal and non-organizational factors: perceived centrality of the work role, availability of resources (finances, social support, personal hope), and sense of coherence.     

VALUATION OF BARRIER OPTIONS VIA A GENERAL SELF‐DUALITY

Classical put–call symmetry relates the price of puts and calls under a suitable dual market transform. One well‐known application is the semistatic hedging of path‐dependent barrier options with European options. This, however, in its classical form requires the price process to observe rather stringent and unrealistic symmetry properties. In this paper, we develop a general self‐duality theorem to develop valuation schemes for barrier options in stochastic volatility models with correlation.     

Theoretical foundations of equity based foreign market entry decisions: A review of the literature and recommendations for future research

This paper reviews the theoretical foundations of the equity based foreign market entry (FME) decisions literature. We analyse 1055 academic FME papers published over four decades (1970–2013). We identify and analyse the theories that informed and guided FME research over time. Our review indicates that scholars have recently started to challenge some of the core assumptions of established theories, draw on and integrate insights from multiple theoretical perspectives which, in turn, generated a multiplicity of approaches for studying FME decisions and their performance outcomes. The paper discusses the explanatory power of the different theories, assesses the relevance of the different theoretical perspectives to our understanding of current FME phenomena and recommends directions for further research.     

PRICING DERIVATIVES ON MULTISCALE DIFFUSIONS: AN EIGENFUNCTION EXPANSION APPROACH

Using tools from spectral analysis, singular and regular perturbation theory, we develop a systematic method for analytically computing the approximate price of a large class of derivative‐assets. The payoff of the derivative‐assets may be path‐dependent. In addition, the process underlying the derivatives may exhibit killing (i.e., jump to default) as well as combined local/nonlocal stochastic volatility. The nonlocal component of volatility may be multiscale, in the sense that it may be driven by one fast‐varying and one slow‐varying factor. The flexibility of our modeling framework is contrasted by the simplicity of our method. We reduce the derivative pricing problem to that of solving a single eigenvalue equation. Once the eigenvalue equation is solved, the approximate price of a derivative can be calculated formulaically. To illustrate our method, we calculate the approximate price of three derivative‐assets: a vanilla option on a defaultable stock, a path‐dependent option on a nondefaultable stock, and a bond in a short‐rate model.     

How Much More (or Less) Is a Brand Worth When Made in a Low Labor-Cost Country? It Depends Upon Who and Where You Ask

ABSTRACT

This multinational adaptive conjoint study measures how much more, or less, consumers might be willing to pay for different brand/manufacturing country combinations. Chinese, South Korean, and US respondents were asked about their preferences for laptop computers carrying different combinations of price, country of manufacture (CM), and country of brand (CB) cues. For all three respondent groups, price was the most salient attribute, followed by country of manufacturing, and then CB. Nonetheless, respondents from different countries differed in their preferences for price/country of manufacturing/brand combinations. The findings suggest that brands having both positive CB and CM images can charge premium prices in their home countries and abroad. Brands with weaker CB and CM images may enjoy home court advantages domestically; however, they may have to price their products lower when competing in countries with stronger CM and CB reputations.     

A corporate entrepreneurship perspective of pre‐entry strategies for internationalization: A case study of a Chinese business conglomerate

The international expansion of Chinese firms is a remarkable phenomenon of contemporary international business. However, international expansion is particularly challenging for firms expanding from emerging market economies such as China because they have relatively few ownership advantages and suffer disadvantages. We apply a corporate entrepreneurship perspective to explore this under‐researched topic via a longitudinal case study of a large Chinese business conglomerate. Thirty‐one semistructured interviews and seven focus‐group discussions were conducted with 55 informants; company documents were also analyzed. We found sophisticated pre‐entry entrepreneurial initiatives are critical for successful internationalization, as they enable emerging market firms to overcome some constraints, leverage their assets, and build competences for international venturing.