甘肃省杂粮种业现状、存在问题与发展策略探讨

[目的]甘肃省农业气候资源丰富,适宜种植的杂粮作物品种较多,但其杂粮种业发展存在诸多与现代农业不相适应的问题,严重制约了杂粮产业的发展,因此急需提出针对甘肃省特色杂粮种业发展的策略。[方法]文章通过实地调研与文献分析,全面系统地分析了杂粮种业的特点和存在问题,并提出了甘肃省特色杂粮种业的发展策略。[结果]调研发现,甘肃省杂粮种子产值高达2亿元以上,其种子研发体系正在完善,商业化速度逐步加快,市场前景广阔。但仍存在杂粮种业缺乏长远规划,杂粮作物种子市场尚不健全,缺乏育繁推一体化的种子企业,种子信息网络及监管机制不健全;育种创新能力有待提高,品种布局不尽合理;杂粮作物品种保护意识不强,对知识产权重视程度不够等诸多问题。因此需要充分发挥甘肃省自然气候生态特点,挖掘优势特色杂粮作物,整合资源,构建杂粮作物育种创新技术体系;建立健全杂粮种子质量监控体制机制;培育现代杂粮种业龙头企业和现代化销售网络等发展策略。[结论]甘肃杂粮作物种业具有广阔的发展空间。     

5种不同类型饮用水水质检测及分析

目的:通过微生物和理化指标检测,对比分析不同类型水净化前后的水质,为居民选择合理健康的饮用水提供参考。方法:取5种不同处理方式的水进行微生物、理化指标检测。具体项目为菌落总数、总大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌、耐热大肠菌群、pH、溶解性总固体、总硬度、砷、汞、铅、镉、硫酸盐、氯化物、氟化物和硝酸盐。结果:自来水、净化后的自来水15项指标都合格;井水共有6项指标不合格,分别是菌落总数、总大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌、耐热大肠菌群、溶解性总固体和总硬度;净化后井水、直饮水的菌落总数不合格。结论:井水水质卫生质量差,被粪便污染,水硬度高。净化后的水水质较好,但在净化、运输等过程中要防止二次污染。水质达到标准规定的前提下,在日常生活中人们可以根据自身对各类物质的需求,交替饮用自来水、净化水、直饮水和凉白开。     

基于遥感蒸散数据的农田灌溉水平评价和设施建设分区研究

[目的]利用遥感蒸散数据快速评价农田年度灌溉水平,及时获取基本农田建设成效,为农田灌溉设施分区建设提供参考。[方法]以黑龙江省海伦市为研究区,MOD16蒸散产品为数据源,计算有效灌溉量、灌溉需水量和作物缺水指数,分别对研究区2013年的旱地和水田灌溉水平进行评价,并将评价结果与农田水利设施作用分值图进行叠加分析,在此基础上进行基本农田灌溉设施建设分区。[结果]2013年海伦市耕地灌溉水平整体较高,区域间建设水平差别较大,可划分为4个级别。其中1级和2级灌溉水平的地块面积比例可达78.06%,地域分布上看,北部、西部、中部乡镇灌溉水平较高,东南部乡镇灌溉水平相对较低。叠加得出8种组合类型,分为设施修建型、设施提升型和设施维护型3种分区类型。[结论]研究为高标准农田建设提供了更详细的农田灌溉水平评价方法和更具差别化的农田灌溉设施建设策略。     

地理资本视角下村级多维贫困测度及贫困类型划分*——基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村调研数据

[目的]精确测度村级多维贫困以及划分贫困类型,是当前提高贫困识别精准度,进一步推进农村精准脱贫的战略需求。[方法]文章基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村的调研数据,构建地理资本视角下村域多维贫困测度指标体系,并采用多维贫困测度模型、指标贡献度模型和最小方差方法系统揭示了重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度、贫困类型及其空间分布特征。[结果](1)重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度呈两端大中间小的"哑铃状"结构,贫困程度极化特征显著,区域发展具有不平衡性。空间分布上,贫困村多维贫困程度呈从渝东北、渝东南分别向渝西地区逐渐减轻的特征,贫困村多维贫困程度存在明显的地域性差异;(2)重庆市贫困村贫困类型主要分为单资本缺失型、双资本缺失型、三资本缺失型、四资本缺失型4个类型,其占比分别为9.07%、20.27%、66.91%、3.75%,三资本缺失型是最主要的贫困类型。[结论]重庆市贫困村致贫因素复杂多样,需要根据各自的贫困特征,因地制宜地开展差别化的帮扶工作。科学推进精准扶贫战略,力争实现2020年全面脱贫。     

少数民族聚居区农户宅基地退出意愿影响因素分析——以新疆特克斯县为例

为了研究宅基地退出影响因素在多民族文化农村区域的特殊性,对新疆特克斯县农户进行问卷调查,选取特克斯县3乡1镇作为样本区,将调查农户分为汉族与少数民族2个类型,提出4个假设,采取Logistic回归分析研究影响不同类型农户宅基地退出因素的显著性,验证提出的假设。结果表明:(1)不同民族文化对宅基地退出影响差异明显;(2)农户户主的家庭决策权存在惯性认识偏差;(3)农户家庭与宅基地禀赋对宅基地退出影响显著;(4)农户宅基地退出政策认知亟需提升。研究结论:(1)重视民族文化对宅基地退出影响;(2)要促进宅基地退出农户就业和社会保障;(3)要强化宅基地退出政策宣传与创新。     

基于村级尺度的重庆荣昌区村庄发展潜能评价与类型划分

目的 村庄是落实乡村振兴战略的细胞单元,厘清村庄发展潜能,科学划分村庄发展类型,是乡村振兴战略差别化精准施策的基础。方法 文章基于乡村振兴“产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕”5个维度,科学选取评价指标,构建村庄发展潜能评价体系,并以课题组于2018年对重庆市荣昌区133个村庄开展的乡村振兴专项调查研究结果为基础,开展了村庄发展潜能评价和类型划分。结果 （1）受地域人口、土地、产业等综因合素影响,荣昌区村庄发展潜能总体呈现“西北弱、东南强”的空间分异性。村庄空间发展集聚潜能已形成以城区为中心向乡村区域由高值向低值呈圈层逐级递减的区间分布态势;（2）基于乡村振兴村庄发展潜能评价,将研究区案例村庄划分为产居引领、资源提整、极化辐射3种不同的发展类型,并辅以相应的差别化发展策略或路径。结论 契合乡村振兴目标,结合村庄资源禀赋和发展潜能,划分村庄发展类型,差别化实施乡村振兴策略,对科学全面实施乡村振兴战略具有重要的意义。     

试论武汉城市圈建设中失地农民社会保障权的实现

武汉城市圈"两型"社会建设的目标是实现社会和谐、有序和可持续地发展。然而,在武汉城市圈建设中也存在一些矛盾和问题,政府对土地的征收和征用,致使社会出现了失地农民这个弱势群体,失地农民的权利被弱化和被漠视的现象严重。该文试图从失地农民的社会保障权角度,论述如何为武汉城市圈"两型"社会建设提供法治保障机制,分析产生的原因及完善的路径选择,以期为失地农民的生存权和发展权的实现有所裨益。     

丹阳市小城镇发展思路探讨

在阐述小城镇发展现状的基础上,结合丹阳市的实际,探讨小城镇建设的认识思路、规划思路、建设思路及管理思路,以此来改善和提高小城镇的综合作用,促进农村经济和社会事业的全面发展。     

Price recall: Brand and store type differences

Price is among the most important choice criteria for customers, whose price knowledge is often surprisingly inaccurate. This study aims at providing new insights into differences in price recall across brands and store types, and their potential effect on marketing efficiency and customers’ store choice. Towards this aim, we analyze the price recall of consumers for 51 food items by a random-effects panel estimation employing a survey with 715 participants. Our results show that customers recall national brand prices better than private labels, almost irrespectively of the store type; consumers overestimate store brand prices in both store types; the effect, however, is much higher for the convenience store. These outcomes have consequences for the marketing strategy: despite a price-matching guarantee for the store brands in the convenience store, the price image is still in favor of the discounter. This result raises doubts on the effectiveness of the price-matching guarantee, at least in this context. The everyday low price strategy of the discounter seems to pay off in terms of the price image. Though both stores charge the exact same prices for their store brands, prices at the discounter are on average perceived to be significantly lower.     

Spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural eco-efficiency in China in recent 40 years

Chinese agricultural output has been multiple under the intensive input of production factors since the reform and opening-up. Such a growth pattern that realizes high output through high input results in increasingly prominent environmental pollution problems. Considering the provincial panel data in China during 1978–2017 as the research units and taking agriculture in broad sense as the study object, the agricultural eco-efficiency (AEE) was measured by the Super-SBM Model, and the influencing factors were screened out from agricultural basic condition, agricultural industrial structure, agricultural development potential and agricultural input strength. The findings indicated that agricultural expected output and unexpected output were synchronously increased, while the change of input factors was totally different and gradually transferred to materiality from resources. In 1978–2017, AEE was increased to 0.713 from 0.405, with an increase of about 76%. And it approximately underwent four stages, including free development, reform promotion, market regulation and policy incentives. Under the resource restraint and policy incentives, AEE showed that Northeast, East and South China were higher than the national average level. North and Central China basically fitted for the national average level, and Southwest and Northwest China were lower than the national average level. Also, it was successively present in some spatial characteristics including polarization, differentiation, agglomeration and reconstruction on the provincial scale. The magnitude and direction of influencing factors indicated that the introduction of subsidy policies for compound fertilizers, an increase of farmers’ incomes, optimization of agricultural plantation structure, and maintenance of stable agricultural product prices could effectively improve AEE.