Reciprocity Game

This paper shows that reciprocity comes from the desire to cooperate in finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma game. Before playing the finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma game, players choose the reciprocity level and commit to it, and the reciprocity level is public information. There are T equilibria if the prisoner's dilemma game is repeated for T periods, and each equilibrium is associated with different levels of cooperation. Further, if players choose their reciprocity levels sequentially, then the most cooperative equilibrium will be the unique equilibrium. However, reciprocity does not matter for the one‐period game and the infinitely repeated game.     

对农村土地实行“国有民用”的思考

对农村土地产权实行"国有民用"的改革是解决"三农"问题的关键,"国有"就是把所谓集体所有的土地实行与城镇土地一样的国家所有,"民用"就是其归农民和其他民事主体长期使用.通过修改相关法律和建立土地流转、农民转移和城乡互动的良性机制,是实现土地"国有民用"的有效途径.     

Social comparisons of wage increases and job satisfaction

We combine status quo and social comparison considerations and investigate whether relative wage increases in the sense of differences between individual wage increases and wage increases of comparable employees are related to managers’ job satisfaction. Using a panel data set of managers in the German chemical industry, we indeed find first evidence. The relation between relative wage increases and job satisfaction is relevant for managers with lower absolute wage levels in particular.     

河南省农产品供应链变革对小农户影响研究

跨国超市发展迅速,农产品供应链出现市场权利自上游向下游转移、垂直整合和要素聚集的深刻变革,河南省农户小规模且分散的特性,使得他们在参与现代化的供应链时面临着在价值链获取的附加值比例偏低和在供应链中边缘化的挑战。当前河南农产品供应链主要模式有以生产加工企业为主导、以农产品批发市场为主导、以连锁超市为主导、以农民合作组织为主导四种供应链模式,这四种模式在河南均有一定程度上的发展,但是也出现了相应的问题。总之,供应链市场权力日趋向下游移动的趋势对小农户产生的影响,以及小农户如何加入到现代化的生产链之中是当前亟待探究的问题．．     

城乡结合部区域农户土地利用行为差异及其政策启示——以沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户调查为例

城乡结合部是中国工业化、城市化进程中形成的独特区域,该区域土地利用问题敏感、复杂且意义重大。从农户土地利用行为角度出发,通过构建工业化、城市化进程中农户土地利用行为差异形成机理分析框架,采用方差分析、统计分析的方法,以辽宁省沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户的调查问卷为基础,对城乡结合部农户土地利用行为变化规律进行研究。结果表明：该区域农户土地利用行为在空间分布上呈现＂反图能圈＂式的种植业布局模式,具有明显的＂非农化＂与＂非粮化＂的特征。其中近郊区农户以＂粮食需求＂为主,主要种植玉米,土地利用程度低,土地投入强度小。远郊区农户以＂粮食需求和利润需求协调＂为主,兼种大田作物和陆地蔬菜,农户土地利用程度较高,土地投入强度较大。纯农村农户以＂利润需求＂为主,主要种植大棚蔬菜和陆地蔬菜,土地利用程度最高,土地投入强度最大。在结论的基础上,提出应该从完善农村社会保障体系、健全农地流转机制、加大农业科技投入力度、优化农业产业的合理布局等方面引导农户合理利用土地资源,实现土地利用效率的提高和土地资源的可持续利用。     

Selecting successful students? Undergraduate grades as an admission criterion

In Europe’s reformed education system, universities may be forced by law to consider undergraduate grade point average (UGPA) as the primary admission criterion in the selection of graduate students. In this article, we investigate whether UGPA predicts graduate student performance in order to discuss its usefulness as an admission criterion. In our theoretical framework, we show that undergraduate students may choose slower study progress in favour of receiving higher grades and conclude that UGPA is a relatively good (weak) predictor for graduate grade point average (study progress). Having data from a cohort of students whose selection was in clear conflict with the legal requirement, we empirically confirm our theoretical predictions by exploiting a unique opportunity for assessing educational policies. Discussion of our findings leads to some important conclusions concerning the Bologna reforms and the lawmakers’ idea of giving some independence to universities, but not too much of it.     

喀斯特山区石漠化综合治理

长顺县是国家级少数民族贫困县之一,属典型的传统农业县。该县的石漠化面积约占全县总面积的80%,已成为制约和束缚该县经济发展的最大障碍。当前,长顺县结合县情实际,将石漠化治理与可持续发展、促进农民增收有机结合起来,同步推进,加快了喀斯特山区农民脱贫致富的步伐。     

Preference symmetries,partial differential equations,and functional forms for utility

A discrete symmetry of a preference relation is a mapping from the domain of choice to itself under which preference comparisons are invariant; a continuous symmetry is a one-parameter family of such transformations that includes the identity; and a symmetry field is a vector field whose trajectories generate a continuous symmetry. Any continuous symmetry of a preference relation implies that its representations satisfy a system of PDEs. Conversely the system implies the continuous symmetry if the latter is generated by a field. Moreover, solving the PDEs yields the functional form for utility equivalent to the symmetry. This framework is shown to encompass a variety of representation theorems related to univariate separability, multivariate separability, and homogeneity, including the cases of Cobb–Douglas and CES utility.     

电子商务环境下的广西城乡物流配送研究

城乡物流一体化是新农村建设的重要支撑,是"工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化"的重要组成部分。文章通过分析广西城乡物流基本情况,发现广西物流发展潜力巨大,同时也存在巨大的障碍,包括农业物流发展缓慢,城乡物流联合困难等问题。在此基础上分析解决城乡物流配送困难的农超对接模式、"大数据"管理模式、物流"O2O"模式、"众筹"等模式。并提出大力发展现代农业,提高农产品组织生产和加工水平,加大城乡物流基础设施建设,加快城乡物流信息网络系统建设及培育城乡物流经营主体等建议。     

A noncooperative foundation of the asymmetric Nash bargaining solution

We consider a noncooperative multilateral bargaining model with heterogeneous time preferences in which the first rejector of a proposal in the current round becomes the proposer in the next round. We show the existence of a stationary subgame perfect equilibrium (SSPE), characterize SSPEs and show the efficiency of SSPEs. We show that any sequence of SSPE payoff profiles converges to the asymmetric Nash bargaining solution weighted by the inverses of discount rates as the bargaining friction vanishes.