Property rights and information flows: a simulation approach

With the growth of the information economy, the proportion of knowledge-intensive goods to total goods is constantly increasing. Lessig (The future of ideas: the fate of the commons in a connected world. Vintage, New York 2001) has argued that IPRs have now become too favourable to existing producers and that their ‘winner-take-all’ characteristics are constraining the creators of tomorrow. In this paper we look at how variations in IPRs regimes might affect the creation and social cost of new knowledge in economic systems. Drawing on a conceptual framework, the Information Space or I-Space to explore how the uncontrollable diffusibility of knowledge relates to its degree of structure, we deploy an agent-based modelling approach to explore the issue of IPRs. We take the ability to control the diffusibility of knowledge as a proxy measure for an ability to establish property rights in such knowledge. Second, we take the rate of obsolescence of knowledge as a proxy measure for the degree of turbulence induced by different regimes of technical change. Then we simulate the quantity and cost to society of new knowledge under different property right regimes.

伊春森林生态旅游业发展问题研究

伊春森林生态旅游业经过多年的发展已粗具规模,在取得较好的经济效益的同时,也显露出不容忽视的生态环境及经济社会问题.为此,要实施政府主导战略;大力推进森林生态旅游产业的社会化,扩大区域合作;大力推进森林生态旅游产业的信息化;提升森林生态旅游业的产业化水平,构建特色旅游经济体系.     

依托资源优势发展哈尔滨市森林旅游业

哈尔滨市的森林旅游资源十分丰富,有众多的森林公园和自然保护区,但哈尔滨森林旅游尚处于起步和发展阶段,如何利用森林旅游资源,发展森林旅游,对其今后的发展战略和科学规划进行研究是目前亟待解决的问题.哈尔滨市应依托资源优势,大力发展森林旅游业.     

关系型交易对审计费用的影响——基于经营风险理论视角

关系型交易模式可能会在议价能力、关系专用性投资成本转换等方面加剧上市公司的经营风险,进而影响审计费用。已有研究主要集中于关系型交易对审计行为的影响,鲜有文献关注其中的作用机制。本文基于经营风险理论视角,选取2008~2017年沪深A股制造业上市公司的相关数据,实证分析了关系型交易对审计费用的影响,结果表明:关系型交易显著加剧了企业经营风险的集聚,进而提升审计费用,即经营风险在关系型交易对审计费用的影响中起到了中介作用。进一步研究,在区分了产权性质以及耐用品特征后,实证结果显示关系型交易与审计费用的正相关关系在非国有企业以及耐用品行业的企业中较为显著,为审计师进行合理审计定价提供了经验证据支持。     

《森林法》修改应该厘清森林的法律概念

我国《森林法》的修改面临很多问题。其中有一项非常重要而且应当给与高度关注的事是厘清森林的法律概念。梳理与之有关概念。譬如森林、森林资源、林地、林木、林权、集体林权、林地等。对于众多有关森林的法律概念,我们应该通过明晰森林的概念将各个相关的概念衔接起来以便理顺各种关系。     

层次分析法在企业员工健康管理中的应用

近些年来,企业员工的健康对企业的影响越来越大,它不仅能改变企业的生存和发展,而且可以改变企业的竞争力。通过建立影响企业员工健康的递阶层次结构和构造成对比较矩阵,用模糊层次分析法定量地给出了各因素对提高企业员工健康的重要性及其先后次序,为企业对员工健康管理提供了相关的理论依据。     

反思与超越：水权交易中公民参与维度的构建

在水权交易中提高公民参与的力度,契合民主社会发展之需要,促进水资源的优化配置。利益博弈是公民参与水权交易主要动因,社会讯息互动、法律制度保障、公民参与精神等的缺失是当前制约公民参与水权交易的现实困境,因而今后应着力进行公民参与的多重建构,具体可在水权交易中引入公共参与的概念并对之进行具体体系构建,从法律和精神两个层面出发,通过全局体系构建模式完善公民参与制度。     

我国高等学校教师权利保护研究

随着高等教育管理的逐步法治化,高校教师合法权利保护和救济制度逐渐受到关注,但实效性并不高。当教师权利受到侵害时,目前的法律和制度无法很好的保护,应从树立法治观念、提高维权意识;改革教代会和工会;健全高等学校教师申诉制度;构建高等学校教育仲裁制度等方面来完善高校教师权利保护制度。     

Fine-scale conservation planning outside of reserves: Cost-effective selection of retention patches at final harvest

Retaining forest patches at final harvest is a key conservation measure in boreal forests, but guidelines for how to increase its cost-effectiveness are lacking. In a study in boreal Sweden, we compared the cost-effectiveness of three different approaches a forest owner may use to select patches: selection based on the conservation value of patches alone, economic cost alone or both of them combined. We also compared the cost-effectiveness of six different common types of patches. Conservation value was measured as species richness of bryophytes and lichens and as structural characteristics of patches. Compared to the selection approach in which both conservation value and cost were used, cost-effectiveness was 5-14% lower when only conservation value was used, depending on how conservation value was measured. On the contrary, using only the economic cost decreased the cost-effectiveness by only 1-2%. Among the patch types, swamp forest areas and deciduous tree groups were cost-effective types to retain. However, the patch types were complementary in their species composition and all hosted unique species. We argue that, ideally, assessments of both conservation values and economic costs of retaining patches should be made prior to harvest to enable planners to make well-informed and cost-effective decisions.     

Sustainability and externalities: Is the internalization of externalities a sufficient condition for sustainability?

In an important contribution in Ecological Economics, van de Bergh (2010) correctly concludes that sustainability does not imply zero externalities. However, he continues with the Delphic statement "(Delphic statements were uttered by the renowned oracle of ancient Greece at Delphi. They were phrased in such a way as to be self-fulfilling because alternative interpretations covered every possibility.)" "Without externalities the problem of sustainability vanishes". If this statement refers to an impossible economic process that produces no externalities then he is right. However, it might be interpreted as stating that whenever environmental policy internalizes environmental externalities then sustainability will be ensured. In this note, I assert that in the real world where externalities prevail, their internalization or neutralization in the traditional way cannot lead to sustainability. Only if internalization takes a very specific form that results in the inviolable preservation of environmental rights of future generations in pure biological terms can sustainability be ensured. After revised the original commentary I resubmit it. The issues raised by the editor have been carefully considered.