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111.
William C. Moncrief Author Vitae Greg W. Marshall Author Vitae 《Industrial Marketing Management》2005,34(1):13-22
The traditional seven steps of selling is perhaps the oldest paradigm in the sales discipline. The seven steps model has served as a basic framework in sales training, personal selling textbooks, and teaching personal selling classes. Very little has changed in this framework since the turn of the 20th century. This article reviews the traditional seven steps of selling, examines transformative factors that have led to changes in each step, and presents an evolved seven steps process. While the traditional seven steps reflected a selling orientation on the part of a firm, the evolved selling process reflects more of a customer orientation in that the focus is on relationship selling—that is, securing, building, and maintaining long-term relationships with profitable customers. 相似文献
112.
We investigate organisational and environmental factors that influence firms’ incentives to develop high-quality internal audit functions (IAFs) by using a unique international sample formed by matching proprietary data from a global internal auditor survey with public data obtained from Worldscope. Concerning organisational factors, we find that a positive relationship exists between IAF quality and firm complexity and confirm that complex firms have a higher demand for monitoring and advising and, therefore, a greater need for formal controls. In addition, IAF quality is positively related to board monitoring and audit committee diligence but negatively associated with CEO power, which suggests that IAF quality is influenced by other key players in corporate governance. Regarding environmental factors, we document that IAF quality is positively associated with industry competition, which implies that a firm’s incentive for a high-quality IAF is enhanced when confronted with greater environmental uncertainty. Furthermore, IAF quality has a significantly positive relationship with our self-constructed index of IAF requirements included in national corporate governance codes, which indicates that strong home-country corporate governance codes play a role in fostering IAF development. 相似文献
113.
基于随机前沿分析法(SFA)测算2011-2015年我国地方政府税收努力程度,并运用双重差分法考察“营改增”对地方征税行为的影响。研究发现:“营改增”将地方税(营业税)变为共享税(增值税),显著降低了地方政府税收努力程度;改革对税收努力的冲击受经济发展水平、转移支付额度和税收返还的影响,获取转移支付收入和税收返还越多的地区税收努力下降速度越快。后“营改增”时期,如何提高税收效率,缓解地方财政收入对转移支付和债务收入的依赖性,是理顺中央和地方财税关系,完善财税收入体系的重要问题。 相似文献
114.
By employing the robust cross-correlation function approach proposed by Hong (2001), and conducting pre-tests for structural breaks in the variances as well as removing the causality-in-mean effects in the causality-in-variance tests, we investigate volatility and mean transmissions between the credit default swaps (CDS) indexes of three US financial sectors. We use daily series on five-year banking, insurance, and financial services sector CDS indexes at the sector level from January 2004 to December 2011. We find evidence of significant causality-in-mean effects running from the banking sector to the insurance and financial services sector CDS indexes and from the financial services to the insurance sector CDS indexes, suggesting the leading role of the banking and financial services sectors in terms of price discovery. Moreover, we find significant causality-in-variance effects from the financial services sector CDS index to that of the banking sector, implying the existence of information transmission and contagion from the former, the least regulated of the three. The implications of these findings on traders and policymakers are also provided. 相似文献
115.
Adam Lenart 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2014,2014(3):255-277
The Gompertz distribution is widely used to describe the distribution of adult deaths. Previous works concentrated on formulating approximate relationships to characterise it. However, using the generalised integro-exponential function, exact formulas can be derived for its moment-generating function and central moments. Based on the exact central moments, higher accuracy approximations can be defined for them. In demographic or actuarial applications, maximum likelihood estimation is often used to determine the parameters of the Gompertz distribution. By solving the maximum likelihood estimates analytically, the dimension of the optimisation problem can be reduced to one both in the case of discrete and continuous data. Monte Carlo experiments show that by ML estimation, higher accuracy estimates can be acquired than by the method of moments. 相似文献
116.
Catherine Pardo Ohanes Missirilian Philippe Portier Robert SalleAuthor vitae 《Industrial Marketing Management》2011,40(6):853-861
The phenomenon of key supply management (KSM) in business companies is far less investigated than the phenomenon of key account management (KAM) which beneficiates, both in practice and in an academic context, from a growing interest. This article is based on the empirical analysis of a sample of 10 international companies which have recently launched KSM programmes or are currently working on launching such programs. It examines the difficulties these companies come up against when implementing such programmes and proposes to organize these difficulties around three dimensions: 1) the difficulties in implementing real supplier portfolio approaches; 2) the narrow view of value co-creation with suppliers, and 3) the persistent lack of integration of the purchasing function with other internal functions within the company. The conclusion of the article is that KSM is far from being a mere symmetric phenomenon of KAM. Several implications are then discussed in relation to the implementation of KSM programmes within companies. 相似文献
117.
王振华 《经济理论与经济管理》2014,34(6):102-112
产业结构升级是经济增长的源泉之一。本文基于中国1 820个县的面板数据,采用Translog生产函数估计要素弹性,进而测度县域经济增长中的结构红利,同时构建空间误差计量模型对结构红利的影响因素进行检验。研究结果表明2002-2010年间,结构红利占县域GDP总值的444%,对县域GDP增长的贡献达到了2435%。劳均资本、劳均土地等变量对结构红利有显著影响,本文还发现,在东部、中部、西部三个地区,财政支出占GDP的比重对结构红利都有显著的负向影响。 相似文献
118.
119.
本文利用泰勒公式,对文献[2]中交错级数的一种收敛准则给出了新的证明,并将此准则进行了改进,使其可以应用于由复合函数构成的更复杂的级数形式。 相似文献
120.
社会的急速发展和重大变化给人们带来了很多富足的物质条件和特殊机遇,同时也带来了各种新的挑战、压力与不适应。究其原因是多方面的,是遗传素质、环境、教育(特指学校教育)、个人主观能力性综合作用的结果。本文从这四个方面,就个人成长过程中主观意志与客观环境的影响作用进行深入分析。 相似文献