The Bioeconomics of the Spatial Distribution of an Endangered Species: The Case of the Swedish Wolf Population

Conservation of endangered species often entails significant costs, and, from a social perspective, many species can be characterized as both environmental bads and goods. This paper concerns the management of one such species, the Swedish wolf (Canis lupus). The fact that the wolf tends to disperse over a wide area causes specific management problems. The goal is to choose a harvesting strategy, such that the discounted stream of net benefits from the wolf populations in different geographical regions is maximized. The spatial dimension is involved through emigration and immigration. The solution to the management problem is shown to be a modification of the classical rule of renewable resource exploitation, caused by the migration of wolves between regions. Empirically, this problem is solved by dividing Sweden into 13 geographical regions, and accounting for the existence values, harvesting benefits, and predation costs of the wolf population in each region. The results show that the geographical distribution of wolves, in absolute numbers, is very sensitive to the abundance of prey and to different assumptions regarding the economic parameters of the model. However, the relative distribution of wolves across the country is less sensitive to these assumptions. The highest densities of wolves were found in regions with low marginal costs, due to the abundance of prey in relation to the comparatively low number of human hunters utilizing the same prey as the wolves. The lowest population densities were found in regions with a low carrying capacity for the wolf or with high costs of depredation on reindeer.     

隐喻产生的符号学阐释

语言符号的任意性使得语言符号指向整个语义范畴，而且通过隐喻和转喻进行扩展后的整个语义范畴本身就保留了隐喻和转喻的特征，未被句意选择而被携带进话题的义项通过与句意选择的义项的范畴错置而形成隐喻，隐喻形成的这两种情况都是在语言符号的层面上进行和完成的。对语言符号线性原理的承诺使得任意性和线性共同作用，从本质上规定了隐喻的产生。     

论政府经济政策的能力限度

经济政策能力是有限度的,经济政策能力受到来自政策领域外部因素的影响,以及经济政策运行规律的制约。经济政策作为调节社会经济关系的重要手段,既有一般公共政策的特点,又有自身的特征。     

我国社会保障制度的缺陷分析

近年来,我国对社会保障制度进行了全面的探索,形成了社会保障体系的基本框架。但就整体而言,我国的社会保障体系还不完善,在一定程度上严重地阻碍了经济体制改革的深化和经济的发展。目前,我国社会保障制度主要存在以下缺陷:社会保障制度尚未法制化;社会保障机制不合理;社会保障责任不明晰;社会保障覆盖面狭窄;社会保障资金存在严重隐患;社会保障管理体制不健全;社会保障社会化程度低。     

税收在当前收入公平分配中的局限性

就我国当前收入分配不公的现实情况来看，既有收入初次分配领域竞争机会不均等的原因，也有再分配领域收入调控手段失灵的原因，还有税收分配领域管理低效方面的原因。税收面对初次分配领域的收入严重不公，由于其中性原则的运用，在公平分配的实现上是无力的，社会应打造初次分配的公平基础；面对再分配领域的收入分配不公，应健全税收调节体系，规范税收分配机制，强化税收的公平调节功能；面对税收分配领域里的低效性，应强化税收征管，建立健全社会范围内的个人收入监控体系。     

Factors and scenarios affecting a farmer’s grain harvest logistics

This paper explores how changes in Australia’s grain industry supply chains are likely to impact on the nature and profitability of an Australian farmer’s grain harvest logistics. A simulation model is used to show how receival site rationalisation, cheaper on‐farm storage, larger trucks, higher‐yielding crops and new harvest technologies, separately and in combination, affect the nature and profitability of a farmer’s grain harvest logistics. Applying the model to a typical Australian grain farm shows that many of these changes unambiguously advantage the farm business, and often, the combination of these changes increases a farmer’s harvest profits by at least 10 per cent. For many farmers, the task of efficiently designing and managing harvest logistics will be an increasingly difficult yet important series of choices due to the range of storage options, grain pathways, crop portfolios and market opportunities that are arising. A farmer’s decisions about cost‐effective on‐farm storage and transport, and their judicious use, will be a key contributor to additional profit in future years.     

“区块链+跨境电商”变革的现实性、限度性与政策建议

区块链技术被认为是继互联网技术后人类社会最重大的颠覆性技术之一,受到政界、商界和学术界的高度关注,正从最初金融领域的应用逐渐延伸到医疗、教育、贸易等领域。国内外电商行业也纷纷开始"区块链+跨境电商"的研究与实践探索,试图推动跨境电商变革。文章梳理了"区块链+"的来源与内涵,阐述了"区块链+跨境电商"新形态,从跨境物流、跨境支付和产品品控等方面探讨了"区块链+跨境电商"变革的现实性,从法律保障、技术支撑、行业实践等方面深入分析了"区块链+跨境电商"变革的限度性,并据此,提出了相关建议,以推动"区块链+跨境电商"新形态的健康、快速发展。     

从价值论到价格论--经济学主题的比较与演变分析

本通过分析经济思想史中价值论的演变，在方法论层面比较了劳动价值论和效用价值论、均衡价格论，在现实困境和理论冲突的双重关照下，指出了以资源配置为研究核心之主流经济学的局限，并由此昭示了21世纪经济学主题进一步变迁的可能路向。     

谈有限责任公司股东出资的转让--兼评我国<公司法>的有关规定

出资转让是有限责任公司股东在公司存续期间退出公司的唯一方式,而我国《公司法》对这一问题仅作了简单一般性规定,很难满足实际操作的需要。本文对股东之间相互转让出资、股东对外转让出资的限制及其程序等问题进行了探讨,指出我国《公司法》在这方面的不足及其在具体操作中存在的问题,并提出了作者的一些建议。     

工程限额设计的必要性及实施策略刍议

本文主要研究对工程活动开展中的限额设计的目的性与作用,实现对其的发展推动,并认为要签订限额设计合同。结合浙江工业大学建筑规划设计研究院有限公司各项目限额设计指标统计表进行分析,确保工程活动的流程的优化,进而使得工程活动的开展得以更好实现。