论刑法中客观主义的合理性

刑事古典学派的刑法思想在历史上起过巨大的进步作用,客观主义作为其基本立场在今天仍然有着重大的现实意义。在刑法理论的各个具体领域中都能找到客观主义合理稳固的落脚点,我国新刑法也明显反映出向客观主义倾斜的态度。     

Ethics in Global Business and in a Plural Society

The contemporary confluence of globalization and ethical pluralism is at the origin of many ethical challenges that confront business nowadays, both in practice and in theory. One of the challenges arising from the development of globalization has to do with respect for cultural diversity. It is often said that the success of economic globalization tends towards social and cultural homogeneity. To the extent that cultural diversity is usually seen as a valuable reality, that global trend seems to contradict our efforts to respect ethical pluralism, both personal and cultural, within society. In this paper I argue that (a) ethical minimalism, despite its emphasis on tolerance and justice, does not take pluralism seriously into account in present-day society, and (b) ethical minimalism is not suited to balancing the homogenizing trend of globalization. Certainly ethical norms are necessary, but by no means are they sufficient in themselves to encourage either justice or tolerance; nor are they sufficient to inspire and encourage good practices and sound regulations. Instead, virtue-based ethics has the capacity of inspiring and encouraging good practices. Particularly, virtue-based ethics is able to inspire a serious dialogue about ethical and legal issues both in the public arena and within organizations.     

论社会经济人

人是具有社会性的.作为经济学研究假设前提的经济人,不能只表示个体经济人,还必须要有对社会经济人的假设抽象.缺失社会经济人假设的经济学研究只能从社会经济中的个体出发分析和探讨人类的经济行为,在宏观经济领域的研究是难以展开的,因此迄今为止的宏观经济理论仍只是局限于解释经济个体之间的利益之争,而没有体现出更高层次上的对社会整体利益的理性思考和自觉维护.在这种状态下,已经进入21世纪的经济学主要的宏观经济理论,不仅不完全适用于像中国这样快速发展的发展中国家,就是在其提出的发达市场经济国家,也基本上不被政府的宏观调控接受为指导理论.因而,深化经济人研究,增加社会经济人假设,必将成为推动21世纪经济学理论创新的制高点.     

中国老年护理的选择：非正式护理抑或正式护理--基于CLHLS和CHARLS数据的实证分析

文章利用2005年“中国老年健康因素追踪调查（CLHLS）”和2011年第一轮“中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）”的数据,实证分析了非正式护理对老年人使用家政服务、养老院服务和门诊医疗等正式护理服务的影响。由于非正式护理与正式护理之间存在内生性,文章采用工具变量法获得二者关系的无偏估计,结果证明了两种护理服务的使用具有显著的替代效应。研究结果表明,在当前中国人口老龄化趋势显著以及养老问题突出的国情下,激励非正式护理的政策可以有效减少老年人对家政服务、养老院和医院门诊的使用需求,从而为解决社会养老问题提供新的思路。     

“经济人”分析范式内含的理性悖论——长远利益、为己利他与行为理性的理解

"经济人"分析范式在理性概念的使用上存在明显的逻辑悖论:基于行为功利主义的定义以及由此展开的行为分析,实质上使用的是有限理性,而在理性模型的构建和宏观经济的分析上实际使用的却是完全理性。正是由于在不同场合所使用理性内涵存在如此的不一致,现代主流经济学对短期的行为评价和长期的现象预测之间就出现了断裂。而且,现代主流经济学试图用"无形的手"将两者沟通起来,却一直无法说明"无形的手"是如何运作的。相反,基于长期利益的实现程度和"为己利他"行为机理的实施程度这一视域,可以更好地区别有限理性和完全理性这两个概念,可以更好地认识现实生活中各种行为的理性程度,从而理解社会中不同程度的合作现象。     

Myopia and saliency in renewable resource management

An important challenge in managing renewable resources is to understand why owners and managers sometimes make decisions that deplete resources and future earnings, such as when graziers allow pastures and land condition to be degraded. In this paper, we test two potential reasons for unsustainable management practices, myopia and salience, with each explaining why resource managers may exhibit impatience in harvest decisions. Myopia is associated with decision makers placing lower weight on future outcomes than would be implied by their pure time preference. Salience is associated with overweighting of consumption ‘now’, implying inconsistency in time preferences. To test for these effects on renewable resource management, an incentivised, dynamic field experiment was carried out with rangeland grazing enterprise owners in north‐eastern Australia that related management choices with uncertain rainfall events to both profits and land condition over time. Results demonstrate that respondents exhibiting myopia/salience in their choices tended to achieve lower cumulative scores in the experiment, as well as lower land conditions on their properties as measured with remote sensing data. Our results explain why there may be persistent optimisation failures by resource owners that reduce both profits and environmental outcomes.     

Oil price forecasting under asymmetric loss

Based on the approach developed by Elliott et al. (2005), we found that the loss function of a sample of oil price forecasters is asymmetric in the forecast error. Our findings indicate that the loss oil price forecasters incurred when their forecasts exceeded the price of oil tended to be larger than the loss they incurred when their forecast fell short of the price of oil. Accounting for the asymmetry of the loss function does not necessarily make forecasts look rational.     

The Intrinsic,Instrumental and Spiritual Values of Natural Area Visitors and the General Public: A Comparative Study

Theory suggests that tourists who hold higher levels of environmental concern are more likely to have an interest in natural places and their conservation, and be more likely to engage in activities that are environmentally sustainable. This study assessed environmental concern by measuring and comparing the intrinsic, non-use, use, spiritual and recreation values of nature-based tourists, members of a recreational conservation group and the general public. The results showed that members of each sample could be grouped into four clusters, each holding a unique combination of the values. For some clusters, spirituality and intrinsic value were positively associated, yet for others, the two values appeared to exist in different conceptual domains. One cluster placed particular importance on bequest and existence values and one cluster valued natural places mainly for recreation. The results indicated that while many people are clearly interested in natural areas, they are influenced in different ways by a range of values. The study provides information about specific values that will help to better understand visitors to natural places and assist in the management and conservation of those places.     

Making Good Decisions with Minimal Information: Simultaneous and Sequential Choice

The adaptive pressures facing humans and other animals to make decisions quickly can be met both by increasing internal information-processing speed and by minimizing the amount of information to be used. Here we focus on the latter effect and ask how, and how well, agents can make good decisions with a minimal amount of information, using two specific tasks as examples. When a choice must be made between simultaneously-available options, minimal information in the form of binary recognition (whether or not each item is recognized) can be used in the recognition heuristic to choose effectively. When options are encountered sequentially one at a time, minimal information as to whether or not each option is the best encountered so far is sufficient to guide agents using a simple search-cutoff rule to high performance along several choice criteria. Both of these examples have important economic as well as biological applications, and show the power of simple fast and frugal heuristics to produce good decisions with little information. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于有限理性的连锁董事战略分析

连锁董事是组织广泛采用的一种环境管理战略。那么，“连锁董事”存在的理论基础是什么？这在中国学才是一个比较新的研究领域，少有的几篇文献均以组织为重点展开探讨。国外相关方面研究较早，各学者从不同角度各砟重地加以诠释。为了更深刻、更全面地理解“连锁董事”的存在性，本文在评述西方理论的基础上，对各理论中合理因暑以整合，特别是考虑到现有理论仅从组织层或个人层出发，提出应从组织、个人和社会出发进行多层面分析。同时由于有理论过分强调理性决策，而现实中的组织、个人、社会决策都是有限理性的，应该把有限理性这一假设也纳入到分析框架中。因此，提出由连锁董事个人、连锁组织、社会三个层面的成本、收益分析及有限理性决策组成的新的分析框架。