社区主导型乡村旅游发展的博弈论——从个人理性到集体理性

我国社区主导型乡村旅游发展尚处于初级阶段,却已经显现出旅游市场的无序竞争和公共资源过度利用及破坏等公地悲剧问题。文章运用博弈论方法分析,认为这些问题是村民与村民之间以及村民与游客之间基于个人理性的相互博弈的结果。从长期来看,集体理性更符合村民长期利益最大化的心理需求,社区村民的博弈具有从个人理性向集体理性转变的机制和驱动力。为了避免和缓解公地悲剧的发生,缩短从个人理性到集体理性转变的时间距离,必须依赖于外部力量的引导以及合理的制度安排,文章提出了相应制度保障措施。     

Knowledge complexity and the performance of inter‐unit knowledge replication structures

Research Summary: Intra‐firm replication of complex knowledge is difficult yet critical to firm growth and the exploitation of competitive advantage. Inter‐unit organizational structures can facilitate the replication of complex knowledge between a source unit and a recipient unit. This study examines how inter‐unit organizational structures perform at different levels of knowledge complexity. We dimensionalize the patterns of information‐processing interactions according to three specific factors: the degree of inter‐unit connectivity, the extent of mirroring between the structure and the knowledge configuration, and coordination mechanisms. Simulation analyses offer a set of novel findings on how the information‐processing and bounded‐rationality concerns of organizational design impact the replication performance of the structures. We derive optimal structures for different levels of knowledge complexity, and articulate their theoretical and practical implications. Managerial Summary: The growth of firms often involves redeployment of their complex knowledge to new subunits or markets, in the context of acquisitions, alliances, or the creation of multinational subsidiaries. Complex knowledge is difficult to imitate, and thus, serves as a source of competitive advantage. However, it is also challenging to replicate within a firm, which limits firms’ ability to redeploy their capabilities in pursuit of new opportunities. A proper design of inter‐unit structures can facilitate the replication of complex knowledge between intra‐firm units. This study examines how the design of inter‐unit structures affects the outcome of this replication. Our results suggest that managers in charge of redeployment efforts should be mindful of the connectivity among units, coordination mechanisms, information overload, and the level of knowledge complexity.     

我国城市化、技术创新对流通业发展作用的研究

通过运用我国流通业1978年～2009年数据,借助工具变量估计方法,建立流通业发展对城市化的非线性模型,发现技术创新对我国流通业发展具有非常显著的促进作用,而城市化对流通业发展的影响具有阶段性.     

农村宅基地退出的农户理性与政府理性

作为处于一定社会经济形态中的经济主体,农户和政府的行为选择是其价值理性和工具理性综合权衡的结果。基于在广西农村的抽样调查分析发现：“安土重迁”“落叶归根”等传统观念以及“祖宅意识”降低了部分农业转移人口（尤其是老年人）的宅基地退出意愿,在城市生产生活的稳定性和保障性较弱的农业转移人口宅基地退出意愿较低,还有的农业转移人口由于不确定远期利益得失而不愿意退出宅基地。对此,地方政府一方面应坚持“以人民为中心”“发展壮大集体经济”的价值理性,在“自愿有偿”的原则下积极推进农村宅基地制度改革,并通过有效利用集体土地彰显宅基地退出带来的个人利益、集体利益和社会利益,引导农户合理退出宅基地;另一方面要坚持“量力而行”“因时因地制宜”“多举并行”的工具理性,不但要在补偿标准上尽量满足农户的现实需求,更要以持续提升农业转移人口的市民化能力和程度以及农户退出宅基地后的生产生活质量为重心,有序推进农村宅基地退出工作。     

论生态道德需要的逻辑起点——“生态经济人”理性

生态道德需要的逻辑起点是以“经济人”理性为基础,以生态理性为最终目标的“生态经济人”理性。“生态经济人”理性是生态理性的初级阶段。在新全球化时代,过分张扬“经济人”理性必会加剧生态危机,而过分主张生态理性却又曲高和寡,所以,我们需要一条在“经济人”理性的基础上,将生态理性从应然转变为实然的途径,这条途径就是倡导“生态经济人”理性。只有这样,才能真正把外在的生态道德要求转变为公民内在自律、自觉的生态道德需要,更好地为构建生态文明社会提供理论支持。     

劳工标准水平与外商直接投资流入——基于国别数据的实证研究

本文对劳工标准和直接投资流入之间的关系进行了实证研究，并且通过工具变量的使用控制了劳工标准与直接投资流入之间的内生性问题。实证研究的结果表明，与流行的观点相反．在其他条件相同的情况下，高劳工标准反而会成为吸引直接投资流入的原因．该结论无论在全部样本中还是在发展中国家样本中都得到了验证。     

Incentive Perception in Livestock Disease Control

The economic incentives facing people making decisions about infectious disease control have been given due theoretical consideration in the literature, based on principles of economic rationality. Such deductive models provide important tools for generating hypotheses. However, the application of such models in a predictive capacity has been criticised. Simultaneously, empirical studies aimed at quantitative exploration of farmer behaviour have relied heavily on social cognitive models, such as the theory of planned behaviour, without exploration of the epidemiological consequences of variability in behaviour within populations. Advances in other social sciences have revealed systematic biases in human reasoning which cast doubt on the validity of the rational economic model as a generalisation of human decision making. We review the characteristics of infectious disease and disease‐control interventions and the potential for bias in implementation decision making at primary producer level. Specific focus is given to the generation of externalities, both positive and negative; the perception of risk, relating to disease incidence, technology adoption and time preference; and finally uncertainty, and its potential to be moderated by trust in information sources. This information is then used to summarise supplemental psychological constructs which taken holistically may strengthen our ability to quantitatively explore human behaviour in this complex decision‐making environment.     

Does maternal employment affect child nutrition status? New evidence from Egypt

Even though maternal employment can increase family income, several studies suggest that it could have adverse consequences on children’s health. In this study, we use a nationally representative sample of 12,888 children, aged 0–5 years from Egypt to examine the impact of maternal employment on child nutritional indicators, namely: stunting, wasting, and being underweight and overweight. We adopted various estimation methods to control for observable and unobservable household characteristics in order to identify the causal effect of maternal employment. These different techniques include, propensity score matching (PSM), OLS regression with controlling for a wide range of individual characteristics, and an instrumental variable two-stage least squares (IV 2SLS) approach. Results of the PSM and OLS suggest that maternal employment is weakly associated with having a malnourished child. On the other hand, the IV 2SLS suggests a stronger and significant association between maternal employment and poor nutritional status among children.     

The power of argument

Agrobiodiversity has been decreasing substantially in Europe. Social scientific research in this area has paid limited attention to how citizens value agrobiodiversity and its decline, and how these valuations can be influenced. We explore the influence of different arguments for enhancing agro-biodiversity, delivered via short movies, on attitudes and behaviour of students, environmental professionals and people interested in nature conservation in the Netherlands. We conclude that information provision does not influence attitudes. However, it does influence values assigned to agrobiodiversity, but not always in the ways we hypothesized. Information about the intrinsic value of agrobiodiversity has the most effects on values assigned to agrobiodiversity. Among students, women and people with a low emotional attachment with agricultural landscapes (‘place identity’ and ‘place dependence’), emphasizing the instrumental value of agrobiodiversity has a counter-intuitive effect. It does not influence the importance of this value but instead reinforces the intrinsic value they assign to agrobiodiversity. The latter finding is at odds with the instrumental biodiversity discourse in science and policy, which, under headings such as ecosystem services and natural capital, aims to mobilize support for nature conservation by emphasizing its instrumental, functional and economic values. Emphasizing the intrinsic value of agrobiodiversity seems more effective.     

农民不愿意退出宅基地的原因分析——基于湖南省问卷和访谈的证据

基于湖南省问卷调查和访谈所获得的材料,探讨农民不愿意退出宅基地的原因。研究发现,经济上不值、情感上不舍、政策上不敢是当前农民不退出宅基地的三大主因。鉴于湖南省宅基地利用程度较高,农民缓解宅基地压力通道不足,宅基地退出不宜盲目推进。在有退出必要性的前提下,退出政策要体现和回应农民的差异化诉求,包括经济、情感以及政治诉求。此外,在退出政策制定和执行中都要重视、调动和保证农民的参与,发挥农民的自主、自立作用。