ENDOGENOUS TIMING IN QUALITY CHOICES AND PRICE COMPETITION

We modify the price‐setting version of the vertically differentiated duopoly model by Aoki (2003) by introducing an extended game in which firms noncooperatively choose the timing of moves at the quality stage. Our results show that there are multiple equilibria in pure strategies, whereby firms always select sequential play at the quality stage. We also investigate the mixed‐strategy equilibrium, revealing that the probability of generating outcomes out of equilibrium is higher than the probability of playing one Nash equilibria in pure strategies. In the alternative case with full market coverage, we show that the quality stage is solved in dominant strategies and therefore the choice of roles becomes irrelevant as the Nash and Stackelberg solutions coincide. With full market coverage and corner solution, the results show that the game has a unique subgame perfect equilibrium in pure strategies, where the high‐quality firm takes the lead in the quality stage.     

二次城市化、土地开发与经济增长

文章将二次城市化水平定义为城镇户籍人口占城镇总人口的比重,构建了一个包含城市化、二次城市化和城市土地开发的中央计划者模型,在利用1985-2008年数据对模型参数进行估计的基础上,模拟分析了城市化对经济增长的影响。结果发现,城市化水平的提高对经济增长有积极作用;当人口在城市落户的成本较高时,提高二次城市化水平和城市用地相对面积会显著降低经济增长率;当落户成本较低时,上述负面影响并不明显。在进一步推进城市化的同时,应保持城乡用地的动态平衡,根据落户成本施行差别化的户籍开放和土地开发政策,让中小城市和小城镇成为吸纳人口进城落户的主要场所,这为"十二五"规划建议中有关城镇化的内容提供了理论依据。     

山区沟域经济发展中土地支撑能力评价及其响应途径——北京市密云县的实证分析

沟域经济是山区发展的新视角,以密云县沟域数据为基础,针对沟域土地对经济发展、粮食供给和生态 保护所能提供的支撑能力,构建了土地支撑能力定量评价方法,评价了各沟域的土地支撑能力,并与发展需求进行了比较,进而从沟域发展的经验事实中总结出面对土地支撑能力不足的响应途径.结果表明:土地支撑能力在空间上具有明显的非均衡性,各个沟域差异较大,整体存在土地的支撑能力不足,但通过发展沟域经济、优化响应途径,土地支撑能力和发展需求的差距逐步缩小,即土地相对支撑能力逐步得到提升和加强.     

教育与劳动力市场关系研究

教育是多层次递进式的,经过多次甄别筛选,将劳动力纳入高低不同的生产力群体;教育也是多方向发散式的,当具备了基本的学习能力之后,会接受不同类型的专业教育,掌握不同的生产技能。这样,教育甄别筛选出高生产力者,并使其具有不同的生产技能,确定了劳动者所从事的专业领域以及在求职序列中的排位,决定了个体在劳动力市场中的最初定位点,实现了对劳动力的初步配置。本文在研究教育与劳动力市场关系的基础上,建立了教育对劳动力的甄别配置模型,并对我国劳动力市场中教育甄别配置功能的效率问题进行了探讨。     

我国主体功能区生态补偿的横向转移支付制度探析

随着城市化的快速发展,我国当前面临的首要问题之一就是生态环境恶化。国家"十一五"规划明确提出了推进主体功能区建设的要求,按照该要求,作为生态补偿主要形式的财政转移支付目标应与主体功能区的功能定位和经济发展目标相一致。基于主体功能区生态补偿的横向转移支付制度的建立,有利于促进主体功能区的生态环境建设,走上环境友好型城市化之路。     

土地储备与城市经营的融合、互动与协调

从历史、经济和政策等角度入手,分析了土地储备和城市经营所产生的背景,并阐明了当前土地储备和城市经营融合的经济意义,进而明确了土地储备在城市经营进程中的机构和功能定位。并以南京市土地储备实践为例,印证了土地储备在政府城市经营中大有可为,分析并提出了储备运作过程中的风险和规避机制,以及土地收储过程中土地收益如何合理分配的问题。最后,结合我国发展的实际情况,提出完善土地储备制度的设想。     

Price-Cost Margins and Profit Rates in New Zealand Electricity Distribution Networks Since 1994: the Cost of Light Handed Regulation

From 1994 to 2003, New Zealands corporatized electricity lines networks operated with no industry regulator, but under the spotlight of mandatory information disclosure. As a result there exists a large body of detailed, audited and publicly available accounting data on the financial performance of these businesses. Using that data, this paper finds that price-cost margins have widened substantially since deregulation. We estimate the extent to which light-handed regulation has allowed profits to exceed the levels which would have been acceptable under the old rate-of-return regulatory framework, and find that the answer is about $200 million per year, on an ongoing basis.We thank colleagues at Victoria University, and two anonymous referees for this journal, for constructive comments on this paper. Any remaining errors are entirely our responsibility.JEL classification: D21; K23; L11; L43; L51     

论"入世"后我国农产品市场不利因素的逆转性

“入世”对我国农产品市场虽然会造成诸多不利因素，然而，这些因素将会得到逆转。这是因为：一方面，“入世”后，这些因素客观上具有逆转的必然性；另一方面，通过调整农村产业结构、扩大集约化规模经营以及实施各种利农政策，从主观上说，这些不利因素亦具有逆转的可能性。     

Social Security and Old Age Unemployment Risk with Efficient Wage Bargaining

I analyze a life‐cycle economy with old age productivity risk where wages, employment, and severance payments are set through efficient bargaining between risk averse unions and risk neutral firms. Allocations with limited union membership are second‐best inefficient as they generate too little labor supply in young age, too much consumption before retirement, too little employment of older workers (early retirement), and too little insurance against old age unemployment. Providing public transfers to early retirees (disability benefits or early pensions) might help to increase the degree of risk sharing at the cost of lower old age employment. Depending on whether absolute risk aversion is increasing or decreasing in consumption, these policies might or might not produce efficiency gains at equilibrium.     

土地垄断供给、纵向市场关系与房地产价格——兼论基于价值链分析的房地产市场竞争促进政策

地价与房价之间并不仅仅是一种成本联系.土地市场与房地产产品市场之间还存在着纵向市场关系,在两个市场均为寡头垄断的情况下,则会存在着双重垄断加成的现象.与上下游产业之间的市场交易关系相比,垂直一体化和垂直约束同样是组织住房生产的有效方式,并有助于增加消费者剩余.此外,促进房地产开发价值链上各环节的竞争,消除其垄断行为,将是降低房价和增进居民福利的重要选择.