浅谈公路设计中的环境保护与景观设计

本文对现阶段公路设计中环保与景观概念进行了总结,分析了公路设计中对于环境敏感点的对策措施,其次,对路基路面的防水,桥梁隧道等结构物的环境设计原则,最后,对于整个工程的景观设计理念、原则、表现手法,以及施工中及运营期环境保护措施及注意事项提出了合理的建议,以达到指导同类工程设计的目的。     

天台宗影响下的中国国清寺和日本 延历寺历史变迁与景观特征之异同

天台宗作为佛教中国化的第一个宗派，对中日佛教的发展起着关键作用。中国天台山的国清寺和日本比叡山的延历寺正是在其思想影响下建成的，由于起始于同一思想宗派，因此在漫长的历史变迁中，两者既存在联系，又有所区别。通过查阅大量古书典籍，对国清寺和延历寺从建立、发展、兴衰到当今繁荣的历史变迁过程进行了归纳总结和分析比较，分析了国清寺和延历寺在景观特征方面的异同点，希望通过对二者历史变迁和景观特征方面异同点的分析，为今后佛寺园林景观的传播提供参考和借鉴。     

原野旷奥感应健康作用机理研究

以寻找自然原野在风景园林推动人类健康中的源头 与基本作用，以及基于原野旷奥空间、建立风景感应健康世界 的“元素周期表”为目标，尝试以风景旷奥空间感受及其测度 为主线，探寻自然原始空间环境的健康与疗愈作用。追溯分析 了“景分内外”“景分旷奥”“主客合一”的中国风景源头； 回顾了风景旷奥理论的研究进程，从空间环境促进生命健康出 发，探讨了风景旷奥的健康作用，提出并分析了空旷型、奥秘 型和复合型3种原野的旷奥感受特征及其在生理、心理和精神3 个层面上对于人类健康的作用，揭示了原野旷奥感应对于人类 健康与疗愈的积极作用和特殊意义。     

防御传染病的风景园林应对策略设想 一一基于打破传染链的视角

近年来新发传染病频现，引起社会广泛关注。风景 园林能有效助力公共健康，历史上也曾在应对传染病方面发挥 出重要作用，但当前相关研究与实践仍处于起步阶段。以世界 卫生组织(WHO)、中国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)和相关重 要医学专著、国际期刊为数据来源，从传染病传染链的病原 体、传染源、排出门户、传播途径、侵入门户和宿主六大要素 出发，分析并总结54种主流传染病暴发的主要环境诱因，包 括气候变化、土地利用变化、环境卫生和生态系统4个方面。 认为传染病暴发的主要风险在于稳态环境的改变，指出风景园 林应对的根本性策略在于通过环境管理手段维持环境的稳态， 进而间接作用于传染链要素，实现打破传染链、防控传染病的 目的。在此基础上，提出了由防疫评估、变化监测和环境控制 构成的风景园林应对传染病策略，并从气候、土地利用、环境 卫生、生态系统和配套设施5个方面展开论述。     

How serious is the aggregation problem? An empirical illustration

Heterogeneity in consumer behaviour may create problems with aggregation across consumers. If so, we may not be able to make correct inferences about behaviour based on aggregated data. However, using micro estimates to predict aggregate demand responses to policy changes may also create a bias if not aggregated properly. This may sound like a Catch 22 situation, but it is not, as it is possible to calculate both micro and aggregate demand responses based on microdata. The size of the aggregation bias is an empirical question. In this article, we show how to calculate theoretically consistent aggregate demand responses. We use both micro and macro data for Norwegian household electricity consumption to illustrate the magnitude and direction of different aggregation biases. We find considerable aggregation biases, in particular, when estimating with macro data.     

Population age structure and private consumption in Spain

In this paper we study the effect of population age distribution upon private consumption expenditure in Spain from 1964 to 1997 using aggregate data. We obtain four main results. First, changes in the population pyramid have substantial effects upon the behaviour of private consumption. Second, the pattern of the coefficients of the demographic variables is not consistent with the simplest version of the life cycle hypothesis. Third, we estimate the impact of the demographic transition upon consumption and find positive values associated with episodes in which the shares of groups of individuals with expenditure levels higher (lower) than the mean increased (decreased). Fourth, the results are robust to alternative specifications for the population age distribution.     

基于适应性的乡土景观认知与研究 视角探讨

基于适应性视角的乡土景观研究已成为当下乡土景 观相关研究中特色鲜明的研究方向之一，但由于在适应性及乡 土景观认知层面研究的不足，二者的结合在研究视角的深度及 广度上仍有欠缺。通过梳理乡土景观、适应性的概念及研究现 状，借鉴生物适应性、景观生态适应性、社会文化适应性等相 关专业领域研究视角，从过程性、形态与行为、可逆性与有限 性、极端条件与适宜条件、系统与单元、定性与定量，以及文 化与功能7个方面全面阐述适应性与乡土景观相结合研究的主 要关联属性，为之后的相关研究提供研究视角及方法的借鉴。     

“插件式”修补在城市更新中的双重维度 解析

城市更新应兼顾人居环境质量的提升和社会公平的促进，因此需要整合物质空间和社会空间两方面的更新需求。“插件式”修补的更新方法是通过对当前面临的城市更新问题进行双重维度解析，既包括以公共投资为主导的物质性更新，也包括以集体消费供给为特点的社会性更新，即利用“被动插件”和“主动插件”进行物质空间的填入式开发和再开发，利用“公共政策插件”和“社会资本插件”分别从自上而下和自下而上修补社会空间，呈现双向连续的城市空间发展过程。     

How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Revenues from taxation gain in importance to finance economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. One obstacle to enhancing the willingness to remit taxes can be the extortion of bribes by public officials. Using micro-level data from the Afrobarometer, we show that petty corruption erodes tax morale. The effect on tax morale is more severe in countries and regions where fewer people are affected by petty corruption and becomes insignificant if extortion of bribes is particularly prevalent. Differing levels of civic participation and potential access to tax funded services are also found to induce heterogeneous reactions to corruption experience. Applying a mediation analysis, we demonstrate that petty corruption not only has a direct effect on tax morale but also diminishes confidence in tax authorities and therefore affects tax morale indirectly. The harmful effects of corruption experience, however, operate mainly through a generally lowered inclination to uphold high levels of tax morale.     

Macroeconomic expectations and time varying heterogeneity:evidence from individual survey data

ABSTRACT

The goal of this paper is to investigate forecast heterogeneity and time variability in the formation of expectations using disaggregated monthly survey data on macroeconomic indicators provided by Bloomberg from June 1998 to August 2017. We show that our panel of forecasters are not rational and are moderately heterogeneous and thus confirm that previously well-established results on asset prices hold for macroeconomic indicators. We propose a flexible hybrid forecast model defined at any time as a combination of the extrapolative, regressive, adaptive and interactive heuristics. Controlling for endogenous structural breaks, we find that experts adjust their forecast behaviour at any time with some inertia in extrapolative and adaptive profiles. Changes in the formation of expectations are triggered mostly by financial shocks, and uncertainty is dealt with by using complex processes in which the fundamentalist component overweighs chartist activity. Forecasters whose models combine different relevant rules and display high temporal flexibility provide the most accurate forecasts. Authorities can then stabilize the domestic markets by encouraging fundamentalists’ forecasts through increased transparency policy.