企业竞争优势根源的理论演进

企业的竞争优势已成为战略管理领域的一个重要研究方向。半个世纪以来,探讨持续竞争优势的文献层出不穷。在众多战略管理文献中,对于企业如何获得竞争优势这一问题,学者们主要基于企业内部和外部两种视角进行研究,试图找到企业获取竞争优势的根源。本文拟对探讨企业竞争优势根源的各种理论观点进行较为系统的梳理,通过分析总结,指出这些理论观点所存在的局限性。最后,在已有研究的基础上,本文认为能力生命周期概念为获取企业竞争优势的根源提供了一个新的思路,并提出了企业竞争优势来源研究模型,以指导企业赢得竞争优势。     

Ranking and clustering of the faculties of commerce research performance in Australia

There is a growing policy focus in Australian higher education on quantitative research performance assessment. However, most of the analysis has addressed aggregate performance at the institutional level, an approach inconsistent with recent policy emphasis on diversity among universities and one that ignores performance variations across disciplines. Using averaged and all available data for 2000–2004, cluster analysis is used to classify Australian Commerce Faculties into groups that exhibit similar research performance, measured by publication, PhD completion and secured competitive research grant funding. We also use factor analysis to generate full-multidimensional rankings within the resulting two or three clusters. It is found that in terms of total research output, with the exception of Adelaide all the Group of 8 (Go8) members plus University of Technology, Sydney and Griffith always belong to ‘Clusters A’. However, when research performance is expressed in per academic staff terms, an additional 11 universities join this same cluster. Our results additionally show that eight Australian faculties of Commerce not only possess low total research output but their per capita performance is also poor.     

A model to optimize investments in health technologies,quality of care and research

Funds for health technologies compete with funds for implementing health technologies as well as funds for conducting research to reduce uncertainty around treatment and implementation cost-effectiveness. No study has yet shown how to allocate a combined budget for health technologies, implementation and research. The purpose of this work was to present an allocation model with the goal to maximize health. Based on a constrained optimization formulation, we show that considering opportunities to invest in implementation and research may justify considerable disinvestment in health technologies. This may reduce the willingness to pay for new health technologies significantly.     

Economic structure and factor payments

There is a growing body of evidence that the labour payment share in national income varies across countries and over time, suggesting that the popular aggregate Cobb–Douglas production function may not capture income share dynamics. There remains conflicting evidence on the importance of natural resource rents among low income economies and on estimates of the rate of return to produced capital. This paper focuses on the structural differences among countries, confirming the importance of the agriculture sector in estimates of labour and land’s share of factor income based on 81 countries at diverse levels of economic development in the year 2005. I find that cross-country data are best modelled by a CES production function with an elasticity of substitution of 0.8 and that many low income countries have a higher return to capital than the United States.     

Exploring the role of human resources in technology out-licensing:an empirical analysis of biotech newtechnology-based firms

Out-licensing is a technology exploitation option to generate revenues without investing in downstream complementary assets. Despite its increasing strategic relevance, the strong complexity of out-licensing activity determines a substantial discrepancy in firms’ ability to extract monetary benefits from this practice. Searching for determinants of out-licensing performance, the paper focuses in particular on the role of licensing managers. Based on a multiple case study analysis involving 26 out-licensing deals executed in seven Italian biotech NTBFs, the study shows that expert scientific skills, extensive licensing practice and prior employment in multinationals, but not an intense social network, characterise successful licensing managers, while high delegation and powerful intrinsic rewards enable individual capacities of licensing managers to translate into actual economic value.     

From peripheral to core: a case study of a 3D printing firm on business ecosystems reconstruction

ABSTRACT

The rapid development of emerging digital technologies is giving peripheral firm, which is participant in secondary and complementary positions in a business ecosystem, unprecedented opportunities to shape its own ecosystem. Prior ecosystem studies mainly focus on the perspective of core firm, while few taking the perspective of peripheral firms. Using the case of a leading 3D printing firm in China, this study adopts resource orchestration as theoretical lens and investigates how a peripheral firm developed its business ecosystem and became a core firm in its own digital ecosystem. Specifically, this study identifies three stages of ecosystem development and the detailed processes and mechanisms, respectively. It contributes to the literature by exploring the ecosystem dynamics from an understudied perspective and identifying the processes and mechanisms of peripheral firms developing its ecosystem towards digital ecosystem. It also sheds lights for peripheral firms in existing business ecosystems in their business strategy development.     

多市场接触对新市场进入及绩效的影响 ——基于10家股份制商业银行的研究

企业在多个市场的竞争互动构成了多市场接触,相较传统的竞争研究,多市场接触更为真实、动态地反映了企业竞争的实际局面。本文以中国10家股份制商业银行为研究对象,研究了多市场接触对银行进入竞争对手所在市场可能性的影响,资源相似性和影响范围在其中发挥的调节作用以及多市场接触对银行绩效的影响。实证结果表明：公司进入竞争对手所在市场的可能性随着多市场接触水平的提升而增大,但偶然形成的多市场接触则与其不相关;相较低资源相似性的公司而言,高资源相似性的公司多市场接触水平对新市场进入的作用将更强;当公司之间是互换性的多市场接触时,多市场接触对新市场进入的作用将减弱;当其他要素保持不变时,公司的绩效随着多市场接触水平的提升而提升。     

Strategic human resource management,transformational leadership organizational ambidexterity: evidence from Taiwan

This study integrates theories of transformational leadership (TFL) and organizational ambidexterity in strategic human resource management (SHRM), to examine how TFL at both the unit level and firm level influences unit-level organizational ambidexterity (OA), by transforming the unit-level trust and forming the firm-level trust climate in Taiwanese software firms in an Asia-Pacific context. The results revealed that unit-level TFL was positively related to unit-level OA, and this relationship was moderated by firm-level TFL. Furthermore, firm-level trust climate (TC) partially mediated the relationship between firm-level TFL and unit-level OA. Finally, firm-level TC further moderated the moderating relationship of firm-level TFL between unit-level TFL and unit-level OA.     

Why the interactions between state- and private-controlled banks matter in the unsuccessful reforms of the Chinese banking industry

Despite significant reforms of the banking system, the existing market in which Chinese banks operate is reminiscent of a cartel. On the basis of illustrations relying on ‘game theory’, the interactions between the credit allocations of state banks and private-controlled banks are highlighted. The very particular status of public banks creates serious barriers to the convergence of credit allocations towards more transparent and more cautious practices. This work intends to discuss a new model in which, in the existing system, ‘win–win–win’ solutions may still appear under some conditions.     

城市化与城市资源消耗间关系的实证研究——以北京市为例

建立基于误差修正模型的Granger因果关系模型,检验分析了北京的城市化与城市资源消耗之间的因果关系。结果显示:在短期内,北京的城市化与城市资源消耗互为Granger因果关系;在长期内,仅存在从城市化到城市资源消耗的单向Granger因果关系,这表明当前及今后很长一段时间内北京城市化仍较多依赖资源消耗。最后指出建立有助于节约资源的城市化推进模式是实现北京市可持续发展的根本路径选择。