The interactive effect of LMX and LMX differentiation on followers’ job burnout: evidence from tourism industry in Hong Kong

Building on the conservation of resources theory, we posit that leader–member exchange (LMX) serves as a valued resource to reduce followers’ job burnout. Informed by the theoretical arguments of reference group theory and norm of equality, we further propose two sets of competing hypotheses to test whether LMX differentiation within teams enhances or dampens the effect of LMX on relieving job burnout. Using a sample of 288 travel agents in Hong Kong, we find a negative relationship between LMX and emotional exhaustion. In support of the prediction of norm of equality, the results show that the negative relationships between LMX and emotional exhaustion and between LMX and diminished sense of personal accomplishment were stronger when LMX differentiation was low. Implications for theory and managerial practice and future research directions are discussed.     

How do hotel employees’ feeling trusted and its differentiation shape service performance: The role of relational energy

Although prior literature has generally shown that feeling trusted plays a crucial role in boosting employee performance, little attention has been paid to exploring how and when feeling trusted promotes service performance. Borrowing from the Pygmalion effect and conservation of resources theory, we craft and scrutinize a cross-level framework elucidating why and when feeling trusted shapes service performance by pinpointing relational energy as a linchpin mechanism, and feeling trusted differentiation as a key contingency. A three-wave survey design is used to examine these assumptions with data culled from 505 hotel employee–leader dyads nested in 97 groups affiliated with 16 hotels in China. As anticipated, we found that feeling trusted can evoke high relational energy, which in turn improves service performance. In addition, these observed effects of feeling trusted become stronger when feeling trusted differentiation is low rather than high. Overall, we conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.     

Returns of Education in the Czech Republic

Prepared for presentation at the Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance (IIPF) in Seville, Spain, 28–31 August 2000, for the session on the opportunity-equalising effects of fiscal systems.University education is nowadays provided as public goods in the Czech Republic. Due to economic pressure on public finance the trend of the 90s became the internalisation of costs associated with university education.The generally accepted hypothesis is that nowadays the returns from the costs of university education are achieved in a shorter time than before economic transition. Additionally, it is thought that the return on university education is differentiated by professions. We aim to test these hypotheses. That is why the cornerstone of our study is the deeper analysis of the differentiation of selected professions in the current state in comparison to the period before transition.After 1989, due to the economic transition and development of the market economy, wage differentiation accelerated in the Czech Republic. An important factor in differentiation seems to be the level of human capital, represented above all by university education. Education significantly increased the chance of finding a job, as another analysis has proven. However, these positive effects of education have been paid for by considerable monetary and non-monetary costs.The paper provides an economic analysis at the level of an individual and his point of return between costs and revenues from university education. To achieve an exact but still simple analysis we take into account only quantifiable monetary costs and revenues. The calculation of the point of return is done with the use of the construction of a cumulated whole-life income and its interpolation. The analysis uses data for the Czech Republic in 1988 and 1997.     

Stories of Rural Accumulation in Africa: Trajectories and Transitions among Rural Capitalists in Senegal

This paper analyzes primary qualitative evidence from life histories of rural capitalists in contemporary Senegal. Various common themes in the declining literature on rural capitalism in Africa are discussed with reference to the specific individual trajectories of rural farm capitalists in Senegal. The themes include the emergence of rural capitalism in the context of protracted, uneven and gradual rural social differentiation and the various processes that have accompanied it; the condition of 'entrepreneurship' in such changing historical contexts; the symbiotic relationship between different spaces (loci) of accumulation, especially trade, transport and farming and the historical context in which they take place; the crucial but sometimes contradictory role of the state in spurring or constraining rural capitalist accumulation; and the variety of 'idioms of accumulation', which reflect transitions and synthesis between non-capitalist and capitalist forms of labour surplus appropriation at the level of individual capitalists, despite some uniformity in the general logic of capital and the spread of capitalist relations of production and exchange. The paper also discusses the methodological power and limitations of oral narratives as a method to gather evidence on long-term processes of agrarian change and accumulation in rural Africa. Finally, the life histories shed some light on the origins of rural capitalists and show that there is a combination of instances of 'capitalism from above' and 'from below' but that no dominant pattern can be clearly discerned at least in the space of one or two generations.     

从奥运福娃看产品组合

本文从2008年的奥运会吉祥物的福娃入手,引出了"产品组合"的概念,在对产品组合的重新界定后,利用产品自身的差异程度和产品受外界的关注程度,建立了"产品组合模型"。并且通过大量的实例对产品组合模型进行了详细的介绍,最后将产品组合运用到了城市的营销和公共关系领域,对城市的发展有实际的借鉴意义。     

浅谈西方经济学教学体系创新

西方经济学进入中国已有几十年,正在改变着国人的思维方式。但是发展到今天,教学内容却变化不大,已经不能适应中国的经济发展,教学体系创新变得非常必要。为了加快创新进度,必须大胆改革,要重视基础研究,提倡差异化教学。     

The Employer’s Responsibility to Maintain a Safe and Healthful Work Environment: An Historical Review of Societal Expectations and Industrial Practices

As early as 1200 A.D., it has been common English law practice for a master to protect his/her servant. Throughout time, this practice has been tested and has evolved into our modern day obligation of the employer to assure the health and safety of his or her employees. This historical analysis reviews specific events that influenced the expectation that employers are responsible for workplace safety and health beginning before the Industrial Revolution and leading up to and through the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States. This review is divided into three time periods covering the era of industrialization and early recognition of occupational hazards (late 1800s–1949), the era of voluntary industrial standards and controls (1950–1969), and the modern era of federal regulation (1970–present). Also outlined are the several approaches the law has taken to addressing employer responsibility shifting from fault-based injury compensation to disease-specific prevention strategies, and then to a no-fault workmen’s compensation system, and finally to a mandatory minimum-requirement national legislation. Furthermore, the growth of the occupational safety and health profession is addressed as these systems acted as drivers to promote employer responsibility, and many employers hired health and safety professionals to ensure that they were upholding their responsibility to their employees.     

如何正确理解和运用LEC风险评价法

文章讨论了如何正确理解和运用LEC风险评价方法,以建立并保持职业健康安全管理体系,避免评价结果脱离实际。     

中国保险业的空间分异及其经济绩效——基于地级以上城市的分析

保险业是现代化经济体系的组成部分,是国民经济高质量发展的重要保障。本文基于2006~2016年地级以上城市数据,采用两阶段嵌套泰尔指数和面板工具变量模型,探究中国保险业的空间分异与经济绩效。研究发现:①中国保险密度和保险深度空间分异特征显著,高值区主要分布在东部、北部地区以及高等级城市和大型城市。②中国保险业空间分异主要来自于省域间差异,省域内差异增长迅速;人身保险业务空间差异水平高于财产保险业务。③城市层面,保险业发展显著促进经济绩效提升,财产保险业务的经济增长效应高于人身保险业务;低收入地区保险业的经济绩效更为显著。④保险业通过自我深化、风险转移、损失补偿和金融中介四种机制推动经济增长,直接机制作用大于间接机制,间接机制中金融中介机制的作用更为凸显。本文有助于丰富保险业的经济增长效应理论研究,也为城市通过保险业促进经济发展提供借鉴和参考。     

The contingent effects of differentiation and integration on corporate entrepreneurship

This paper develops a contingency view regarding the effects of structural differentiation and integration on levels of corporate entrepreneurship. Integrating notions of benefits and costs resulting from integration with structural contingency theory, we argue that the joint effects of structural differentiation and integration on corporate entrepreneurship levels are moderated by organizational size and environmental dynamism. Our findings from a time‐separated sample demonstrate that in smaller organizations and more dynamic environments, the positive effects of integration on the structural differentiation‐corporate entrepreneurship relationship strongly diminish. As such, with this research we begin to identify contingencies that influence the corporate entrepreneurship levels observed among firms striving to balance the needs for structural differentiation and integration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.