生态农业发展的思考

生态农业的发展不仅仅是农业经济的本质性变革,它需要经济、技术、社会、政治、环境等各个方面的支撑,是一项复杂的系统工程。论文运用系统论的观点,揭示了发展生态农业对我国农业经济、农民增收、新农村建设等的重要作用,对我国生态农业发展现状和存在问题进行梳理,我国发展生态农业的对策和路径进行设计可持续发展。     

财政支农支出对农业现代化的影响效应研究——基于动态面板数据的实证分析

文章基于全国30个省、直辖市和自治区2003--2011年的数据,运用动态面板数据模型分析了财政支农资金构成对农业现代化的影响效应。研究表明：财政支援农业生产支出和农村救济费支出对农业现代化具有显著的正效应,农业综合开发支出对农业现代化的影响不显著;第一产业增加值占地区GDP比重、农村恩格尔系数则与现代农业发展水平呈负相关关系。     

要素投入、政策支持、农地制度改革与农业增长——基于黑龙江省和山东省的比较分析

文章以黑龙江省和山东省1978-2012年的数据为样本,构建计量经济模型,实证分析要素投入、政策支持、农地制度改革对农业增长的影响.通过两省份实证结果的比较可以发现：从投入要素角度看,黑龙江省土地、机械动力、用电量对农业增长的影响显著,劳动力、化肥量、灌溉量对农业增长影响不显著,山东省用电量对农业增长影响显著,其他要素影响不显著;从政策支持角度看,黑龙江省农业财政支出和农业贷款对农业增长的影响显著,而山东省只有农业财政支出会带动农业增长;从农地制度改革角度看,土地流转制度在黑龙江省实施的效果明显,在山东省实施的效果不明显,并不是所有地区都适合推广该政策.     

冯玉祥的"重农"思想和实践

冯玉祥将军对中国的农业、农村和农民问题一向十分关注。促使他重视这些问题的原因是多方面的。既有出于对广大劳动人民的同情,也有受中国传统重农以及孙中山重农思想的影响,更直接的还在于其所处的经济环境的限制以及军事生存的需要。他的重农思想比较系统,主要包括重视农业基础地位、减轻农民负担、重视农民生活、防治自然灾害、改变农业生产技术和农业经营方式、解决农民土地问题等等。冯玉祥的重农实践内容丰富,包括兴修水利、植树造林、科学种田、屯田垦荒、保护牲畜、军队支农等。     

略论宋代的农业技术推广

在中国历史上,宋朝是一个较为重视推广先进农业技术的朝代。宋朝统治者采用政治、经济、行政等多种手段,多管齐下予以推广。首先,宋朝地方官在辖境劝农时,大力推广江浙一带先进的耕作技术。其次,自真宗朝始,大力推广占城稻,提高水田的抗旱能力。再者,采用优惠的税收政策和具体的技术指导,推广稻麦二熟制,推广粟、豆、麻、蔬等粮食作物,推广桑麻、木棉、苎麻等经济作物,提高土地的利用率。通过这一系列举措,促进了农业的巨大发展与进步,为宋朝经济文化的繁荣打下了坚实基础。     

汉魏六朝荆州稻作农业的发展

荆州位于长江中游，这里是稻作农业的发源地，自新石器时代以至秦汉，稻作生产传统一直未曾中断。进入魏晋南北朝后，荆州自然环境与人口的变化皆有利于稻作生产的发展，加之荆州政治军事地位的特殊性，统治者对农业生产的着意经营。使得荆州的稻作生产较之前代有了一定的发展。这主要表现在稻作种植区域的扩大、耕作技术的提高以及产量的增加等方面。荆州稻米总产量的增加，使得荆州不仅有余粮可支援外地，并有部分剩余稻米进入了流通领域．成为长江下游城市粮食供应体系中的重要一环．     

Dynamics of Agricultural Technology Adoption: Age Structure, Reversibility, and Uncertainty

We develop a dynamic model of technology adoption that generalizes previous literature by incorporating technology age, reversible investment, variable inputs and outputs, and stochastic prices. The model is calibrated for irrigated cotton production in California. Optimal investment exhibits a significant vintage capital effect which provides a new candidate explanation for delayed technology diffusion. We show that the hurdle rate derived by option value models can be partially explained by the assumption of irreversible investment, and simulations demonstrate this assumption has regional policy relevance. Uncertainty affects optimal investment but has a declining effect with technology age.     

基于“藏粮于技”的粮食生产实施策略

粮食安全关乎民生和国家安全,"藏粮于地,藏粮于技"是维护我国粮食安全的基本战略。其中"藏粮于技"必须通过科技创新解决当前农业生产中的难题,提高粮食生产领域的科技贡献率。同时,必须前瞻性地加速数字农业建设、精准农业实践和智慧农业探索,奠定我国粮食生产领域生态智慧农业的基础。     

Productivity and farm size in Australian agriculture: reinvestigating the returns to scale

A positive relationship between farm size and farm productivity is often considered to be largely due to increasing returns to scale in farm production. However, using farm‐level data for the Australian broadacre industry, we found that constant or mildly decreasing returns to scale is the more typical scenario. In this study, the marginal returns to various farm inputs are compared across farms with different sizes. We found that large farms achieved higher productivity by changing production technology rather than increasing scale alone. The results highlight the disparity between ‘returns to scale’ and ‘returns to size’ in the industry, suggesting that productivity improvement among smaller farms can be made through increasing their ability to access advanced technologies, rather than simply expanding their scale.     

Climate Smart Agriculture? Assessing the Adaptation Implications in Zambia

We examine a set of potentially climate smart agricultural practices, including reduced tillage, crop rotation and legume intercropping, combined with the use of improved seeds and inorganic fertiliser, for their effects on maize yields in Zambia. We use panel data from the Rural Incomes and Livelihoods Surveys merged with a novel set of climatic variables based on geo‐referenced historical rainfall and temperature data to explore the changing effects of these practices with climatic conditions. We estimate the impacts on maize yields, and also on the exhibition of very low yields and yield shortfalls from average levels, as indicators of resilience, while controlling for household characteristics. We find that minimum soil disturbance and crop rotation have no significant impact on these yield outcomes, but that legume intercropping significantly increases yields and reduces the probability of low yields even under critical weather stress during the growing season. We also find that the average positive impacts of modern input use (seeds and fertilisers) are significantly conditioned by climatic variables. Timely access to fertiliser emerges as one of the most robust determinants of yields and their resilience. These results have policy implications for targeted interventions to improve the productivity and the resilience of smallholder agriculture in Zambia in the face of climate change.