The Ecology of Trade

Trading behavior occurs in many species but has a particularly elaborate form in humans. Trade is defined as the mutually beneficial, adaptive transfer of goods and services between organisms. Trade has a competitive element and responds to changes in relative scarcity. Trade is demonstrated to be a biological phenomenon rather than an artefact of human civilisation. Species’ characteristics that increase the likelihood of trade occurring are outlined. The evolution of trading strategies is most likely in humans and social arthropods. A formal model is presented to show that trade can simultaneously increase consumption among populations and reduce pressure on locally scarce resources. This allows a species to increase its density and escape the constraints imposed by local resource limitations. This represents a major ecological benefit to the trading species. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

传统经济增长方式导致环境危机的经济学分析

环境资源是一种公共资源,传统经济增长方式带来了严重的环境污染问题,环境问题严重制约着我国经济增长和发展,因此传统的数量型经济增长方式已难以为继,转变现有的经济增长方式势在必行。从稀缺、欲望、市场机制和资源配置等经济学的重要范畴及其相互关系分析它们与资源环境危机之间的必然逻辑关系,结果表明传统经济学在基础层面上不适合指导人们的经济活动,应当建立新的经济学,把环境资源的稀缺性引入经济系统中,使其逐渐成为经济系统的内生变量,以拓宽经济学的研究视野。     

信息不对称与电子商务的发展

本文认为,信息不对称引致的信用缺失是制约电子商务发展的重要因素,发展我国电子商务除了继续加强基础设施建设外,建立和完善社会信用体系,提高信用度是必不可少的重要方面。文章提出,要建立良好的信息沟通渠道和机制,使信息公众化、公开化;提高企业组织化程度;制定企业信用评价制度:健全法制,约束企业交易行为,提高其信用度;消除信息不对称,促进我国电子商务健康发展。     

人口增长与我国的有效需求不足－兼论凯恩斯的“长期停滞论”在我国的适用性

从分析凯恩斯的“长期停滞论”在我国的适用性入手 ,说明人口增长趋势趋缓不是我国有效需求不足的根源 ,我国有效需求的根本性原因在于生活水平较低 ,从长期角度看 ,加大人力资本投资 ,提高人口质量将起到稳定低生育和提高生活水平的双重效果     

The Analysis of Cost Utilities in Chinese Petrochemical Enterprises

The extensive applications of the flexible manufacturing （management） system and management information system are ultimate characteristics of economic process now and future. Those not only promote the trend of high gradation of cost system and the differences of cost utilities determined by their inconsistencies, but also eliminate the validity of the traditional cost control based on the thrift and monev-erubbing consciousness.     

水资源的两性分析与缓解两性的相关对策

针对我国日益严峻的水资源形势,用经济学理论和方法分析水资源的稀缺性和外部性,并根据科斯第三定理,提出明晰水权、建立水市场等缓解水资源稀缺性和外部性的对策。     

激励相容与渔业管理

伴随着技术的不断进步和水产品市场需求的持续高涨，海洋生物资源稀缺性矛盾日趋尖锐。稀缺意味着竞争，竞争需要规范，产权是规范竞争的一种有效机制。产权重要，是因为不同的产权制度内含不同的激励效应。从而对渔民行为产生不同的影响，并进而决定渔业绩效。因此，构建激励相容的渔业产权机制，是确保渔业可持续发展的关键，也是渔业管理者“绕不过去的一道坎”。     

城市化进程中的土地稀缺性与政府管制

研究目的:分析城市化进程中土地稀缺性的表现形式和形成原因,探讨政府管制工具.研究方法:比较分析法.研究结果:在城市化的推动下,城市中心、城乡结合部和农村地区的土地利用分别具有竞争特征、转型特征和低收益特征,并因此衍生出不同的土地社会问题.研究结论:政府管制是解决土地社会问题的重要工具,政府应以区域土地资产最大化和社会公正为原则,对不同类型地区实施有差异的管制政策.     

Evolution of tubewell ownership and production in the North China Plain*

The overall aim of the present paper is to better understand the evolution of tubewell ownership in the North China Plain, especially focusing on the factors that determine ownership and its effect on production. Based on a random sample of 30 villages in three counties in the Hai River Basin, our results show that collectively owned tubewells have been gradually privatised. The analyses demonstrate that increasing water and land scarcity and policy intervention (mainly fiscal and financial subsidies for tubewell investment) leads to the observed shifts in tubewell ownership patterns. The results also show that the privatisation of tubewells has affected cropping patterns in the North China Plain. When villages shift towards private tubewells, farmers move into more water‐sensitive and high‐value crops. Privatisation, however, has no negative effect on crop productivity in the present sample. Importantly, the evolution of tubewell ownership in the villages studied does not accelerate the fall of the groundwater table.     

论知识经济对现代企业制度的影响

本文认为企业的产权制度安排是由资源的相对稀缺程度决定的。知识经济改变了资源的相对稀缺程度,从而改变了企业的产权制度以及它的实现形成———法人治理结构。