Modelling Population and Resource Scarcity in Fourteenth‐century England

This paper examines the empirical data relevant in the analysis of the agrarian transformation of England in the Middle Ages. It presents an empirical analysis of available data that investigates the role and extent of resource scarcity in 14th‐century England. The analysis offers a way forward for economists and historians to reach a plausible consensus about the reality of what may be one of the most important transition periods in European economic history. The insights gained throw useful light on the processes whereby agricultural relations evolved from ancient feudal structures.     

A franchise by any other name? Tenancy arrangements in the pub sector

Recent changes in ownership and consumption patterns within the market have brought many operators to follow strategies that are more concerned with a retailing orientation. Many of the companies operating pubs are aiming to grow sales, and respond quickly to changes in consumer tastes and fashions. They no longer own brewing facilities and frequently control whole estates of the pubs that are marginal, and where the actions, skills and motivations of local unit managers are crucial for the success or failure of the property. The exploration of different forms of indirect control via tenancy and lease arrangements is recognition of the need to provide more entrepreneurial incentives for those managing these more marginal properties. In many ways, it is possible to view pubs owned by chains operated through both tenancies and leasing as a form of franchising. Certainly the literature and research of franchising hospitality services can help inform a study of leasehold and tenanted relationships in licensed retailing. Franchising in licensed retailing is almost wholly based on the tenanted/leased agreements, which stem from the ‘tie’. This paper argues that in the more retailing and service quality competitive environment pub operating companies will need to use more traditional franchising approaches than have been practised in the past.     

从我国《矿产资源法》的修改看资源税的调整

目前，我国的《矿产资源法》正在修订之中，根据其修改的动向及意义，我国的资源税也应以符合“三个有利于”为目标进行相应调整。具体地说，就是要改革目前不合理的课税依据，大幅度提高资源税单位税额，建立生态环境保护退税机制，将目前从量征收的征税方式转变为从价征收。     

农民专业合作社的盈余分配制度——一个“专用性—稀缺性”视角的解释

研究农民专业合作社盈余分配制度的形成机制具有重要的理论和现实意义。文章回顾了我国合作社盈余分配的现状及其相关研究,并从专用性和稀缺性的视角对盈余分配形成机制进行解释。研究认为,在要素的稀缺性变化情况下,交易额返还侧重于保护农产品生产环节的农户专用性投资,股金分红侧重于保护资金和技术所有者产后环节的专用性投资,＂按交易额返还,资本报酬有限＂则是在产中和产后的专用性投资保护中寻找一个平衡点。     

基于“稀缺性—成本—行为”范式的最优能源资源开采次序研究

本文借鉴了资源品稀缺性理论、自然资源的最优利用开发理论以及资源耗竭理论的系列思想与方法,以此为基础提出了更为系统和复杂的“次序”观点,即从企业与社会两个利益视角、竞争性与垄断性两种市场结构来凸显能源开采所关联的“次序”问题,如能源采掘的跨时期选择、对不同品位矿床开采的次序选择以及从社会整体利益考虑的能源开采秩序调控等。本文有关能源开采“次序”的研究及所形成的观点丰富和拓展了构建在竞争性市场结构假设基础之上的最优耗竭理论的研究视野,“次序”优化理论的形成对于制定我国的能源资源开采政策具有重要的理论参考作用。     

循环经济与主流经济学的分歧与统一

关于自然资源和环境的观点,循环经济与主流经济学并不矛盾.早在古典经济学时代自然资源和环境就被视作同土地和劳动一样具有稀缺性的生产要素,资源价值补偿一直是主流经济学研究的内容之一,而且循环经济的理论发展和实践推广也依赖主流经济学的研究方法和计量工具,因此二者的一致性远远大于分歧.     

Laws of scarcity for a finite game - exact bounds on estimations

Summary. A law of scarcity is that scarceness is rewarded. We demonstrate laws of scarcity for cores and approximate cores of games. Furthermore, we show that equal treatment core payoff vectors satisfy a condition of cyclic monotonicity. Our results are developed for parameterized collections of games and exact bounds on the maximum possible deviation of approximate core payoff vectors from satisfying a law of scarcity are stated in terms of the parameters describing the games. We note that the parameters can, in principle, be estimated.Received: 21 November 2002, Revised: 7 October 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: C71, C78, D41. Correspondence to: Myrna WoodersThis research was initiated in 1994 when the first author was in the IDEA Ph.D. Program of the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Support by the IBM Fund Award, the Latané Fund, the University of North Carolina Research Council, and the Warwick Centre for Public Economics is acknowledged. The second author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Direccio General dUniversitats of Catalonia, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Department of Economics of the Autonomous University of Barcelona. This article is dedicated to Marcel (Ket) Richter, a distinguished researcher and a wonderful teacher and mentor to his students. We are delighted to contribute our paper to this special issue of Economic Theory in his honor.     

资源稀缺、企业创新与企业循环经济

从资源稀缺出发,讨论了企业循环经济的一些理论问题。定义了稀缺度,并由此给出了企业适应力模型,指出企业只有进行循环经济创新才能在资源稀缺的情况下生存和发展。在此基础上,给出了企业的战略行为模型。     

Adaptation Measures of Energy and Utility Companies to Cope with Water Scarcity Induced by Climate Change

Resource‐intensive business plays a fundamental role in causing climate change through the emission of large amounts of GHGs (greenhouse gases), and, in turn, climate‐induced physical changes affect companies. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) reports an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather and climate events (IPCC, 2012). Droughts represent a major challenge for energy and water businesses, in terms of both exacerbation of dry climates and increase in the number of territories that experience water shortage. On the basis of an analysis of the energy and utility companies operating in different continents, the objective of this empirical research is twofold: on the one hand, it examines how these companies perceive the changes in water availability induced by climate change (as well as the potential impacts on business); on the other hand, it analyses the corresponding measures that these companies adopt to cope with changes in hydrology and water resources driven by climate change. Data from the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) provide valuable information about business climate‐related responses of several of the world's largest firms. Our results show that, in the energy and water sectors, some adaptive measures are starting to be implemented to deal not only with the risks but also with the opportunities related to climate‐induced physical changes, thus leading to interesting innovation. The paper concludes that anticipated positive effects could drive energy and utility companies towards a proactive stance to achieve a competitive advantage and trigger innovative trajectories. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment