The Bioeconomics of Cooperation

When transactions and information are costly and exchange is non-simultaneous, ‘institutions matter’. They matter because exchange under these circumstances subjects the participants to potentially harmful behaviors by other participants, among which are: opportunistic behavior, agency, the free-rider problem, cheating, moral hazard, and adverse selection. Institutions constrain these behaviors, allowing the participants to take advantage of the gains from trade and specialization, and thereby facilitating cooperation. Individuals adhere to institutional rules because they gain by doing so. Because the individual gains are inseparable from the structure of the institutions, the institutions themselves necessarily become the focus of the analysis—as we see in the new institutional economics (NIE). The new group selection position in biology involves a similar shift in focus from the level of the individual to the group when studying the evolution of altruism. But some of the proponents of group selection go further, arguing that altruism in biology evolves because it is in the interest of the group, but not the individual. In fact, group level analysis is necessary in biology, as in the NIE, because it allows for the discovery of ‘institutions’ that constrain cheating, opportunistic behavior, etc., thereby making participation in the group in the long-run self-interest of the individual. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国物流业态演进及创新路线图研究

文中对物流业态演进方面的研究进行了综述,提出了物流业态演进的特征,说明了物流业态创新形成的原因;基于营销学STP理论及业态构成要素及维度组合方法,提出了物流业态创新的路线图。     

废旧手机逆向物流中政府与企业行为的演化博弈分析——基于有限理性的视角

我国废旧手机的数量在逐年增长,通过实施逆向物流进行手机回收不仅可以使资源得以再利用,保护环境,带来一定的经济效益,而且可以净化手机流通的渠道,提高顾客的满意度。文章运用演化博弈的相关理论,构建在手机回收过程中,基于生产商延伸责任制下政府与企业之间行为的演化博弈模型,并运用Matlab仿真软件模拟双方行为的演化趋势。结论表明,企业在回收过程中所获得的收益、政府给予企业的激励大小、政府对不实施回收企业的惩罚力度都会影响其演化结果。政府应以激励为主,鼓励企业参与实施逆向物流。     

义乌城市生态系统景观结构演变

利用1996、19992、0022、005年的义乌市遥感资料,对城市环线内的城市生态系统景观进行分类,用景观指数和转移矩阵分析法,在更宏观层次上分析了人类活动对城市生态系统景观格局的影响。结果表明,1996—2005年研究区自然景观减少了145.58hm2,年变化率2.05%,占研究区的百分比从8.95%下降到7.30%;半自然半人工景观减少了3 545.32hm2,变化量超过了1996年一半,年变化率6.17%,占研究区的百分比从72.33%下降到32.17%;人工景观增加了3 690.89hm2,年变化率24.82%,占研究区的百分比从18.72%上升到60.53%。研究区的城市生态系统景观演化就是自然景观和半自然半人工景观的“城市化”。     

Complexity and the limits to learning

In this paper we look at the manner in which ideas coming from complexity science change our understanding of the cognitive powers of agents that is really necessary to explain the evolution of markets and of firms. The general ideas behind complex systems dynamics and evolution are presented and then two examples are treated in detail. The first in an evolutionary model of a market in which some new product is developed by competing firms and their “task” is to find a strategy in terms of quality and price that will be sustainable. This essentially requires agents/firms to discover mutually compatible strategies, and to create thereby sustainable market niches. The second example considers the internal structure of firms, in terms of their constituent working practices and skills. It demonstrates that it is precisely their ignorance of the consequences of adopting any particular practice that generates diversity in the emergent capabilities of firms, exploring the dimension of potential demand and therefore leading to a successful and sustainable business sector. The work supports the notion that the cognitive abilities that are involved are not about deduction and logic, as a traditional view of rationality might suggest, but are about the development and contraction of interpretive frameworks, which will be different for each player. The paper links these examples to a general recognition of the idea that complex, multi-agent systems evolve through successive “structural attractors”—multi-dimensional dynamical systems—with temporary structural stability. Because real systems contain both the structure and deviations from it, then there is a constant probing of structural stability and the possibility of qualitative change to a new structural attractor. This resembles the ideas in biological evolution related to “punctuated equilibria,” but it also links this to the idea of emergent and evolving networks of interaction, never of course near thermodynamic equilibrium.      

我国农业的制度变迁与技术变化

通过分析新中国成立以来农业土地制度,经营制度,组织制度变化对农业技术变化的影响,研究了农业制度变迁与技术变化的相互关系,认定制度变迁与技术变化以促进经济增长具有重要变化。     

全球化下珠三角本土企业创新网络的演变及影响因素研究——基于顺德东菱凯琴集团和珠海德豪润达集团的对比实证

创新网络是经济地理学研究的前沿主题之一。通过考察东菱和德豪润达两家本土家电企业自成立以来创新网络的演变过程,发现两家企业的创新网络的演变呈现出较大的差异。通过进一步的研究发现,珠三角本土企业创新网络的演变是全球化和地方化因素共同影响的结果,而全球化下的"供应商-客商"关系、企业发展战略、区域内企业之间的互动关系与区域性的制度安排和环境是影响珠三角本土企业创新网络演变的主要因素。     

城乡一体化的理论渊源及其嬗变轨迹考察

运用历史分析法,以时间为经,以理论为纬,对城乡一体化的理论渊源及其嬗变轨迹进行了系统考察。结果表明:有关城乡联系的早期论述是城乡一体化的理论渊源,马克思恩格斯的城乡融合思想将其推向了一个新的高度,而由二元结构理论衍生的城乡偏向发展观却使城乡联系理论难以为继,可它又在一定程度上为其回归奠定了坚实基础,并使之更加深入发展,从而促成了今天关于城乡一体化的热烈探讨。最后,基于当前中国城乡关系的复杂性和特殊性,从理论和实践两个方面指出城乡一体化理论研究对推进中国城乡一体化进程的启示意义。     

分地区流动人口性别工资差异及其分析

文章依据CHIP2007的流动人口数据,采用非条件的分位数回归方法和扩展的Machato—Mata方法对不同地区的流动人口性别工资差异及其影响因素进行了分析。研究发现：（1）各地区流动人口性别工资差异中,有超过80％的部分应该归于歧视。随着收入水平增加歧视部分呈降低趋势,但各地区降低的速率存在差异;（2）对影响性别歧视的各因素进行分析,发现教育因素对性别歧视具有重要影响。同时发现分地区分水平一些特征变量对收入差距的影响系数存在不同,甚至有相反的影响。因而建议在制定反性别工资歧视的政策措施时,应该充分考虑地区特征以达到最好效果。     

从企业孵化器到企业加速器:缘起、演进及走向

企业加速器与企业孵化器同为服务企业发展、促进经济增长、增加就业岗位的创新服务组织,二者之间存有诸多类似之处,亦有许多的差异。这里以企业孵化器、企业加速器的起源、演进为切入点,剖析二者在概念界定、服务内容等方面的区别,进一步阐述"孵化—加速"耦合对接,构建一条完整创新服务供应链的理论价值和实践意义。