银行高管薪酬具有风险敏感性吗？——来自中国上市银行的经验证据

基于我国经济转型期的特殊背景,运用2001—2012年间我国上市银行的数据,从银行风险承担角度检验了银行高管薪酬是否具有风险敏感性。研究结果表明,高管薪酬与风险承担间具有显著负相关关系,即风险承担对银行高管薪酬具有约束作用,也意味着我国上市银行的高管薪酬具有风险敏感性。进一步研究显示：董事会会议次数和独立董事规模未能对高管薪酬风险敏感性产生显著性影响,而董事会规模与风险承担对高管薪酬的约束表现出显著的相互替代关系,但这种替代关系仅体现在非国有控股银行中;另外,相对于非国有控股银行,高管薪酬风险敏感性在国有控股银行中显得更加显著,表明国有控股银行更加注重银行经营风险的控制。     

The role of managerial risk‐taking in the ‘rise and fall’ of the CDS market

Since the innovation of credit default swaps (CDSs) in 1997, the market for CDSs grew dramatically to $62 trillion in 2007 (ISDA 2010). However, this market declined significantly with the onset of the GFC, prompting the question, ‘What lies behind the phenomenal growth and the eventual collapse of the CDS market?’ Using CDS spread data from 319 bank and non‐bank financial institutions across 33 countries over the period 2001–2010, I provide evidence of the determinants that affect risk‐taking by financial institutions, proxied by CDS spreads, and argue within an agency theoretical framework that managerial risk‐taking contributed to the ‘rise and fall’ of the CDS market.     

A Time to Scatter Stones,and a Time to Gather Them: The Annual Cycle in Hedge Fund Risk Taking

Analyzing a sample of hedge fund daily returns from Bloomberg, we find a seasonal pattern in their risk taking. During earlier months of a year, poorly performing funds reduce risk. The reduction is stronger for funds with higher management fees, shorter redemption periods, and recently deteriorating performance, consistent with a managerial aversion to early fund liquidation. Toward the end of a year, poorly performing funds gamble for resurrection by increasing risk. It is largely achieved by increasing exposure to market factors, and can be linked to stronger indirect managerial incentives during the second half of a year.     

Non-technical skills for managing risk and performance in financial trading

Recent large-scale failures in financial institutions have been found to be caused, in-part, by human factors-related issues in financial trading. In other environments where risk management and performance are intertwined, a human factors approach is often adopted to understand how the ‘non-technical skills (NTS)’ (leadership (LD), decision-making (DM), situation awareness (SA), teamwork) of organisational actors influence outcomes. Yet, to date, there has been minimal application of human factors research in financial trading. This study (i) identifies ‘real-world’ (i.e. non-laboratory) research studies investigating the NTS important for performance in financial trading, (ii) examines and synthesises data on the NTS found to underpin good or poor performance and (iii) considers the quality and coverage of research investigating NTS in financial trading, and identifies potential areas for future research. Nineteen studies were identified through a systematic literature search and then content-analysed for associations between NTS and performance in financial trading. The review found a range of decision-making (e.g. heuristics and biases, intuitive DM, emotional regulation) and LD skills (e.g. setting standards, monitoring behaviour, encouraging speaking-up) to have been identified as important for managing risk and performance in financial trading environments. Furthermore, SA (e.g. information search and assessment strategies, vigilance, identifying ‘noise’ data) and teamwork (e.g. avoiding ‘role’ conflict, communication between traders) were found to be important, yet remain less explored within the literature, and should be the focus of future research. NTS appear essential for effective risk management within the financial sector, yet further field research is required to examine the context-relevant behaviours that underpin safe activity. This will facilitate the development of evidence-based systems for assessing and training NTS competencies.     

What lies beneath—Negative interest rates and bank lending

We study the transmission of negative interest rates to bank lending around an unexpected policy rate cut into deep negative territory by the Swiss National Bank (−0.75%). We exploit a rich data set on transaction-level corporate loans matched with bank balance sheet data. We find that banks more affected by negative interest rates offer looser lending terms and lend more than other banks. This result is consistent with the risk-taking channel, where a lower policy rate spurs bank risk-taking to maintain profits. The result implies that, even in such deep negative territory, the reversal rate has not yet been hit.     

资本监管、风险承担与货币政策传导机制——研究综述与展望

频频爆发的银行危机暴露了以资本监管为核心的巴塞尔协议的内在缺陷,学术界就资本监管的微观效应和宏观效应展开了激烈的讨论.从文献研究的角度,通过回顾和分析理论界关于资本监管、银行风险承担和货币政策传导机制三者之间复杂关系的研究,可以看出,在微观意义上,关于资本监管对银行风险承担行为影响的研究忽视了对资本监管框架效应的分析;在宏观意义上,资本监管的强化给货币政策传导机制带来了新的渠道,即银行资本渠道和风险承担渠道.这两种新的传导机制在后金融危机时代,是研究宏观审慎监管框架下货币政策效应的核心命题.     

CEO age and tax planning

This study investigates the association between CEO age and corporate tax planning. Using a sample of 11,537 firm‐year observations from the fiscal year 1997–2013, I find CEO age exerts an economically significant influence on firms’ tax policies, incremental to economic determinants identified in prior research. Specifically, CEO age is positively related to cash and GAAP effective tax rates, and negatively related to permanent book‐tax difference, suggesting that older CEOs are less likely to take actions to lower tax burden. The results hold across different model specifications and robustness tests to address potential bias arising from endogeneity, sample selection issue, and the confounding effect of CEO tenure.     

Overconfidence,risk perception and the risk-taking behavior of finance professionals

This paper highlights the role played by overconfidence and risk perception in the risk-taking behaviors of finance professionals. We interviewed 64 high-level professionals and demonstrate that they are overconfident in both the general and the financial domains. Using a recent measure proposed by Glaser et al. (2013), we indicate that respondents are overconfident in forecasting future stock prices. We demonstrate that the risk they are willing to assume is positively influenced by overconfidence and optimism and negatively influenced by risk perception. However, the stock return volatility anticipated is, in most cases, an insignificant determinant of the risk that professionals are ready to assume.     

浅议高职院校学生英语话轮转换与语言交际能力的提高

本文从话轮转换与语言交际能力的关系角度出发,提出高职院校学生怎样把握话轮转换的技巧以提高英语语言交际能力,以及教师如何培养学生话轮意识,掌握话轮转换的技巧,以提高交际互动的有效性和得体性,并对教师自身的教学能力和语言能力提出了几点建议。     

大陆法系处分原则的发展趋势及对我国民事诉讼的借鉴

处分原则作为我国民事诉讼的一项基本原则，其干预性受到理论界的质疑。然而，纵观德、法大陆法系国家对处分原则的规定，其程序事项的干预性有加强之势。在我国民事诉讼法修订之际，应借鉴德、法两国对程序事项的国家干预，而不是任由当事人随意支配。