中国资本项目下的资本外逃研究

文章在把握资本外逃实质性内涵的基础上,重新定义了中国经济转型时期的资本外逃,将脱离国内监控、不向政府纳税的对外投资纳入资本外逃的范围,在国内首次深入研究了资本项目下的资本外逃问题,借鉴并改进了多利法(Dooley Method),在相关数据有限的条件下首次测算了中国改革开放以来资本项目下的资本外逃的规模,分析资本项目下资本外逃的负面效应,并就如何治理资本项目下资本外逃提出了对策建议.     

大型露天煤矿区景观格局变化对水土流失的影响 ——以山西平朔矿区为例

研究目的：探索大型露天煤矿区景观格局变化对水土流失的影响,为矿区的土地复垦与生态修复提供参考。研究方法：SWAT模型、景观格局指数、主成分分析、冗余分析。研究结果：（1）2000—2018年,平朔矿区整体上的水土流失程度加深,不同区域的水土流失量存在一定的差异,主要集中在包括排土场在内的矿区中部。（2）景观各子流域的斑块密度、边缘面积比、Simpson多样性指数和欧几里得最邻近距离整体上呈减小的趋势,平均斑块大小整体上呈增大趋势,连通度、面积加权平均分维数和回旋半径标准偏差变化较小。中部矿区和西部城区斑块变大,斑块空间分布更加集中且不均,破碎化程度变小。（3）所选景观指数能有效表达水土流失,其中Simpson多样性指数对水土流失的影响能力最强。研究结论：景观指数能有效表达水土流失,应合理规划,使景观格局向着抑制水土流失的方向发展,减少水土流失的风险。     

区域水土流失的社会经济分析——以湖南省为例

水土流失的社会动力是经济环境条件下市场调节失灵造成的成本外摊和收益外泄.以货币化形式综合评价区域水土流失的经济学影响,是完善生态环境恶化的预警机制和生态风险评估体系的根本趋势.文章在土壤侵蚀实物型损失估算基础上估算出湖南省土壤侵蚀的货币型经济损失,并分省、市(州)、县三个层次对其进行了社会经济分析.结果显示,全省水土流失的经济损失巨大,其中土壤侵蚀造成的养分流失经济损失最大;水土流失的经济损失地区差异明显,造成其地区差异的原因中,自然条件起决定作用,社会经济因素起放大作用;各县水土流失经济损失值的社会经济因子相关性排序为人均农业产值＞人均GDP＞农村人均纯收入＞人口密度＞人均耕地.     

基于RUSLE模型的中国生产建设工程扰动区潜在侵蚀时空分异规律研究

研究目的：揭示全国不同地区受到生产建设工程扰动后表土水蚀强度的相对大小及其时空分异规律,为中国表土扰动区侵蚀防治提供科学依据。研究方法：利用修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）,基于土壤数据和近30年（1988—2017年）的气象数据,分析全国不同区域生产建设工程扰动区表土水蚀强度及时空分异规律。研究结果：（1）扰动区侵蚀强度的空间分异性表现为从东南向西北递减的趋势。其中西北地区潜在侵蚀强度最低,大部分区域年均侵蚀强度低于1 000 t/km2;华南地区是全国潜在侵蚀强度最大的地区,年均潜在侵蚀强度可达15 000 t/km2以上。（2）扰动区潜在侵蚀的时间分异表现为夏季远大于冬季,其中潜在侵蚀在6—8月最大,全国约有20%~30%的区域大于2 000 t/km2;11月至次年3月的潜在侵蚀最低,全国有90%以上的区域在500 t/km2以下,其他区域在500 ~ 2 000 t/km2。研究结论：全国尺度下的生产建设工程扰动区水蚀强度在大部分地区远大于自然侵蚀强度,在工程扰动后的侵蚀防治研究与管理中应重点关注中国表土扰动后水蚀强度远大于自然侵蚀的区域（如东南各省）,以及表土扰动后水蚀严重但自然情况下为非水蚀区的区域（如东北地区黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古交界处）。     

数字经济对中国海关税基侵蚀及对策研究

数字经济作为新型经济业态,其数字化交付、股债交叉、法人与实体分离等造成的全球税务筹划和利润转移,致使税基侵蚀问题较为突出,已经成为全球经济有效治理的难题。尤其是在我国,因内外贸税制不同、税负差异较大,数字经济对海关税基侵蚀更加显著。本文通过大数据建模,对数字经济造成海关税基侵蚀的形势进行量化分析,并从数据智能和税制改革出发,提出海关有效应对数字贸易发展的意见建议。     

异型钛材金相检测探讨

钛材内部的组织结构对材料性能的影响十分重大。针对异型钛材尺寸小，精度高，内在质量及表面质量要求高的特点，探讨了相应金相样品的制备、化学浸蚀的方法及应该注意的问题，制得了清晰的金相照片，为实现异型钛材生产中的内部质量控制提供了保证。     

我国地壤侵蚀状况与主要影响因素分析

我国土壤侵蚀面积之大,已严重的影响和制约国民经济的发展和社会的安定。我们从土壤侵蚀与降雨,土壤侵蚀与坡长,坡度,土壤侵蚀与植被建设三个方面作了系统分析,研究土壤侵蚀的最为关键因子,并找出其对生态环境的危害性,提出最佳的综合防治对策,将土壤侵蚀的危害降低到最低程度。     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Land management,erosion problems and soil and water conservation in Fincha’a watershed,western Ethiopia

The knowledge of soil erosion processes, attitude towards rational use of resources and institutional support affect the capability of farmers to implement soil and water conservation (SWC) measures. This research was conducted to determine soil erosion problems and the factors that affect the adoption of SWC measures in Fincha’a watershed, western Ethiopia. A total of 50 farmers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, and two group discussions were held with 20 farmers. Moreover, transects were walked to classify erosion features, and a quantitative erosion survey was made on 19 farm plots during the rainy season of 2004. The results showed that crop fields are affected by annual soil losses ranging from 24 to 160 Mg ha⁻¹. Farmers are well aware of these erosion problems, and related the soil loss to steep slopes and a decline in soil fertility. However, they did not invest much in SWC measures, but apply soil management practices to sustain crop yields. The wealth status of farmers, land tenure arrangements and lack of access the farmers have to information are the major factors affecting SWC adoption. High labour demand of SWC measures, lack of short-term benefits and free grazing have negatively affected SWC adoption. Soil erosion problems in Fincha’a watershed have both on-site and off-site effects that require integrated SWC planning at watershed scale.     

江西省建设占用耕地表土剥离的技术探讨

耕地表土层的土壤肥力很高,是耕地的精华,是农业生产的物质基础,也是粮食综合生产能力的根本保障。如果失去了耕地表土层,将永久地失去耕地的粮食生产能力。耕地表土剥离是改善土体构型、提高土壤养分水平、提升耕地质量的重要举措。采取查阅文献、实地调研及前期资料分析等多种方式对江西省建设占用耕地表土剥离的技术逐步展开研究。文章首先对表土剥离相关概念进行了界定;其次,结合江西省建设占用耕地的实际情况,归纳了需要进行耕地表土剥离的类型有4种;然后,分析了建设占用耕地表土剥离的3种工艺类型;然后,在此基础上,总结了在进行耕地表土剥离时应注意的3种事项;最后,探讨了建设占用耕地表土剥离后的4种表土回填方式。该研究可以为江西省建设占用耕地表土剥离工作的胜利实施提供一定的技术参考,也可以为全国其他省、市进行建设占用耕地表土剥离提供与一定的经验借鉴。