Cooperation In R&D With Spillovers And Delegation Of Sales ∗

Cooperation in several phases of the innovation process is viewed by antitrust authorities with suspicion. They face the dilemma between providing the right incentives for the appro-priability of returns to R&D and the risks of diminishing product market competition. The current legislation in the European Union and the United States gives special treatment to cooperation in R&D and the joint exploitation of results (extended cooperation).

We study several collusive regimes for a class of examples in which vertical relations are explicitly introduced. Regarding antitrust policy implications we fmd that: a) there is an ana-lytical justification to a ‘rule of reason’ treatment for extended cooperation in research joint ventures and, b) individual exemptions, though restrictive of competition, might be welfare improving.     

FDI、融资约束与中国企业投资

基于扩展的企业投资行为欧拉方程,利用1999~2007年中国工业企业微观数据,采用动态面板方法,分析了FDI是否以及如何缓解中国企业投资融资约束问题。研究结果表明,中国企业投资普遍存在融资约束,私营企业、新企业、中高技术行业的融资约束更为明显;FDI主要通过行业垂直关联缓解融资约束,缓解作用对私营合资企业、新企业、中高技术企业更为明显;FDI通过缓解融资约束,促进了中国企业投资和经济增长。     

阜康市白杨河水库施工期坝体内部变形资料简析

白杨河水库工程的主要开发任务是:在满足灌溉的前提下,向工业园区供水,同时兼顾防洪,是一座具有综合利用任务的水利工程。文章主要通过计算、分析大坝内部垂直、水平变形的监测资料,了解在施工期坝体内部的变形情况。     

防空导弹垂直发射技术的现状及趋势

本文介绍了防空导弹发射技术的现状,垂直发射技术的特点、发射方式和关键技术,国外采用垂直发射技术的几种防空导弹型号以及垂直发射技术的发展趋势。     

Electronic Commerce Encourages Differentiation

Abstract

This paper explores why and how ecommerce firms differentiate their products and services. Consumers who shop online are able to do quick and easy comparison shopping, including shopping in an active market for used goods. Since online product search and price comparisons are faster, easier, and involve fewer shopping costs, firms who sell online must differentiate their products and services to a greater extent than those who do not sell online. These product and service differentiations may be certified and rated by host shopping sites and by outside ratings companies.     

产品垂直差异、产品内分工与南北贸易

存在产品垂直差异和产品内分工的贸易模型可以更为深刻地考察南北贸易的模式及影响因素。其中,生产技术仍然是决定生产分工格局的重要决定因素,当其他条件保持不变时,如果南方生产技术水平提高,其将扩大生产范围,在保持生产原有质量产品的情况下,向更高质量产品的生产领域进军。而北方发生技术进步时,其生产范围将缩小,抛弃低质量产品的生产,专攻高质量产品的生产。当两国分别在不同的生产阶段发生技术进步时,基本变化趋势是使本国发生技术进步的生产阶段趋向高质量产品的生产。     

Corporate Venture Capital and Its Contribution to Intermediate Goods Firms in South Korea*

Set by government, corporate, financial and individual sources, venture capitalists in Korea have adapted themselves to the new and uncertain venture capital market through stand‐alone and syndicated investments. The present study raises questions about whether various financial sources contributed differentially to their portfolio firms during the market boom of 2000. Results show that no single capital source showed better performance, and only corporate venture capitalists contributed to intermediate goods firms. The latter finding might reflect the unique ability of corporate venture capitalists to use vertical value‐chain linkages for their investments.     

百万等级机组塔式锅炉螺旋水冷壁安装工艺研究

上海外高桥第三发电厂2×1000MW机组工程拥有二台超超临界的塔式锅炉,针对其螺旋水冷壁的安装特点,设计制造了一副炉膛内垂直升降吊架满足安装需要。本文总结和论述该吊架在1000MW机组锅炉安装中的设计与应用。     

A critique of Porter＇s cost leadership and differentiation strategies

Porter identifies high market share with cost leadership, citing GM as a successful practitioner of this strategy. However, GM became a market share leader in the American automobile industry due to a strategy of market segmentation, differentiation and a broad scope shaped during the 1920s. Porter argues that cost leadership and differentiation offer an equally viable path to competitive success. Nevertheless, a differentiation strategy based on superior quality compared to competition is more profitable than cost leadership strategy. It can lead a business to become a market share leader, and consequently even a low-cost leader. Research indicates that differentiation and cost leadership can co-exist. However, Porter insists that each generic strategy requires a different culture and a totally different philosophy. The problem is that Porter＇s generic strategies are too broad. It is not his logic that is flawed, but his basic premise that prescribes cost leadership strategy as the only route to market share leadership, and presents a narrow view of differentiation with a unique product--sold at a premium price--on the one hand, and a ＂standard, or no-frills＂ product on the other. Mintzburg （1988） says Porter＇s cost leadership strategy should be called ＂price differentiation＂： a strategy that is based on a lower price than that of the competition. He suggests that business strategy has two dimensions： differentiation and scope. Thus, setting scope aside, competitive strategy has only one component： differentiation. So, the key question is not whether to differentiate, but how？ First, make customer-perceived quality as the foundation of competitive strategy because it is far more critical to long-term success than any other factor. Second, serve the middle class by competing in the mid-price segment, offering better quality than the competition at a somewhat higher price. It is this path that can lead to market share leadership--a strategy that can be both profitable--and sustainable.     

中国转移支付制度规范过程中的利益分化与整合——新制度经济学视角下对中国转移支付演变的一个解释

中国的分税制自实行以来,在各类转移支付的演化过程中,税收返还制度保持了较好的刚性,一般性转移支付的分配规则较为完善,但执行机制普遍较弱,而专项转移支付的分配规则和执行机制均不完善。分析表明,分配规则和执行机制完善与否是中央、地方政府、主管部委以及相关领导者利益博弈的结果,他们之间不同的利益需求及力量对比可能是中国财政转移支付变迁的动因之一,而坚持推进制度化则是16年来转移支付改革的基本逻辑。