Ambient Taxes Under m-Dimensional Choice Sets, Heterogeneous Expectations, and Risk-Aversion

We consider the design of ambient taxes forrisk-neutral and risk-averse polluters whenpolluters and the regulatory agency haveasymmetric information about environmentalrelationships and probabilities associatedwith random events. Unlike prior work, we showthat under these conditions, optimal ambienttaxes must be firm-specific, and accompaniedby additional incentives to influencepolluters' choices of abatement techniques.     

我国企业融资制度的现状及问题

细致分析了我国企业融资制度的现状,在此基础上指出我国企业融资制度存在的问题与缺陷,并提出了一些改善现有企业融资制度缺陷的建议和办法。     

国有企业融资次序的政治经济学分析

与经典资本结构理论的结论不同，我国国有企业的融资次序恰好是倒序的。这一现象有着深刻的政治经济学内涵，本质上它是由国家追求义理性的最大化，缓解财政压力的行为所内生决定的。因此，单纯从西方主流理论出发，不考虑我国转轨经济的背景对国有企业融资行为和由此而引致的治理结构所进行的分析，是不得要领的。     

影子价格两种定义的统一性及其经济学含义

通过应用库恩-塔克定理,本文论证了线性规划对偶解和一般数学规划的拉格朗日乘子这两种影子价格定义的统一性。由于非线性规划比线性规划更具有普遍性,本文的结论为深入讨论影子价格的经济学意义提供了极大方便。完全竞争是影子价格等于机会成本和市场价格的充分条件。但在不完全竞争条件下,影子价格一般不等于机会成本和市场价格,也不代表资源的最优配置价格,它反映的只是企业的资源利用效率。     

巩固和拓展党的执政资源

对于一个执政党来说,其执政资源丰厚与否,不仅关系到它能否履行好执政使命,而且还关系到它的执政地位是否稳固。在新的历史条件下,为了加强党的执政能力建设,巩固党的执政地位,我们就要从群众资源、经济资源、权力资源、理论资源和组织资源等各方面不断开拓党的执政资源。     

论城市文化资源的资本转化

城市化资源系统是一个复杂集合体。其集聚性与分散性同时并存；多层次性与整体性同时并存；物态型与非物态型同时并存。我们必须坚持因地制宜、整体与重点相结合、资本转化利用与资源保护相结合、聚集与整合相统一、经济效益与社会效益并举的原则，通过项目开发转化模式、化资源的单体开发转化模式、化节庆开发转化模式、运营商开发转化模式等具体途径。实现其城市资源的资本转化和价值增值。     

Prevention versus Treatment under Precautionary Regulation: A Case Study of Groundwater Contamination under Uncertainty

Policy discussions on agricultural pollution problems characterize prevention as more cost effective and precautionary than ex post treatment. We derive conditions under which treatment alone is more cost effective in situations involving multiple sources of emissions, multiple sites affected, and a commonly used precautionary approach to uncertainty. We also show that a greater degree of precaution can result in less reliance on prevention. An empirical case study indicates that treatment alone is the most cost-effective means of dealing with nitrate in most Maryland community water system wells. The use of leaching prevention measures is restricted to the most intensive poultry producing areas. The incremental cost of precaution is substantial.     

Estimating Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Quality in the Presence of Item Nonresponse Bias

This article deals with the problem of item nonresponse in contingent valuation surveys using a payment-card method, by applying a grouped-data sample-selection estimation technique that is capable of imputing the missing values conditional upon a respondent's decision to answer a willingness-to-pay question. The advantage of the technique lies in its ability to utilize all of the information in the sample, permitting a more efficient estimation in the presence of item nonresponse bias. The major determinants of willingness to pay appear to be household income, number of children, education, perception of existing water quality, and identification with environmental issues.     

小氮肥清洁生产实践

文章介绍了沅江市氮肥厂废水闭路循环、尾气回收、废渣综合利用等工程,并介绍了该厂的生产工艺、污染源分布及排污特点。     

Orange County Bankruptcy: Financial Contagion in the Municipal Bond and Bank Equity Markets

We examine the spillover wealth effects of the Orange County, California bankruptcy announcement in December 1994 on municipal bonds, municipal bond funds, and bank stocks. This bankruptcy is prominent because of unprecedented losses and because it was caused by a highly leveraged derivatives strategy rather than a shortage of tax revenues and excess spending. We find contagion in the bond market with significantly negative abnormal returns for municipal bond funds without direct exposure to Orange County and for non‐Orange County municipal bonds. In addition, our findings suggest the contagion spills over to the common stocks of investment and commercial banks that deal in or use derivatives; however, the equities of banks unexposed to derivatives are not affected.