基于GIS和RS的上海市近海岸生态系统服务价值评估

以2010年上海市遥感影像数据为主要数据源,利用GIS和RS技术,获取上海市近海岸土地利用类型空间分布信息。基于供给、 调节、 支持和文化服务四种生态系统服务类型,确立上海市近海岸生态系统服务体系;采用气候生产力修订单位生态服务价值当量因子的经济价值,从而评估上海市近海岸生态系统服务价值。研究表明：2010年上海市近海岸生态系统服务价值总量为373.32亿元,其中湿地的生态系统服务价值最高。从服务功能角度出发,调节服务功能的生态系统服务价值最高,占总量83.22%。     

企业环境评价与监管研究——基于会计控制的视角

针对政府例外性环境规制所暴露出来的种种弊端,文章借鉴会计控制的切实性与基础性的优势,设计以生态权益、环境成本与资源损失为评价对象的环境评价指标体系,并据此建立相应的日常性监管体系。该体系主要达到两个方面的目的:一是将政府对企业的环境控制行为从基于环境事故的例外性规制转变为日常性的例行性环境控制;二是通过对环境评价的设计与监管措施的设置,促使企业建立自我环境规制的机制。     

Narratives from a wetland: Sustainable management in Lukanga,Zambia

Wetlands are a key livelihood resource in southern Africa. Historically they have been managed using local knowledge systems, but these systems have in many instances been undermined by colonial and postcolonial legal requirements. The IUCN's Ramsar initiative, supported by organisations such as BirdLife International and the WWF, seeks to protect wetland resources. This qualitative study examined the political ecology of the Kapukupuku and Waya areas of the Lukanga wetlands in Zambia, designated a Ramsar site. This designation has given rise to competing ‘narratives’ by politicians and local community leaders over how Lukanga should be managed and used, and the resulting conflict is threatening its sustainability. The paper warns that the various parties' arguments are value-laden and that power asymmetry threatens to exclude poor local communities. Policy must take power interests into account to ensure that developments in the name of the poor really do benefit the poor.     

The Agricultural Marketing Improvement Strategies Project (AMIS)

The Agricultural Marketing Improvement Strategies Project (AMIS), funded by the Bureau for Science and Technology of USAID, is a five-year applied research project designed to assist USAID Missions and developing countries in diagnosing marketing system constraints, identifying innovations for improving system productivity, and testing selected pilot interventions. Country activities will follow a cycle of rapid appraisal (problem identification phase), applied research (in-depth diagnosis of selected constraints), and pilot innovations (interventionist phase). The project hopes to promote and strengthen local capability for doing more effective research on agricultural commodity subsystems.     

Ecosystem services, agriculture, and rural poverty in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon: Interrelationships and policy prescriptions

Policymakers seeking to modify financial incentives to increase the flows of ecosystem services in and around tropical moist forests must consider where to focus their attention and what collection of incentives can effectively achieve policy objectives. In most cases, policymakers focus on extensively forested areas where the flows of ecosystem services between agriculture and the environment is generally characterized by massive flows of carbon and soil nutrients from forests to agriculture. In these forest margin areas the stock of primary forest is eventually exhausted and the cheap ingredients provided by nature to agriculture become increasingly scarce. At this point, policy interest generally wanes, and agriculture and the environment begin slow declines in ecosystem service exchange, often with negative consequences for rural poverty. How does one promote increased flows of ecosystem services from agricultural lands without increasing poverty when forests and soils have been depleted? Can the standard instruments, e.g., payments for ecosystem services, be effective in such situations, and if so, do the costs to society of securing these services increase? Here we focus on the flows of ecosystem services at the end of the cycle of converting primary forest to agriculture. Primary data from the Bragantina area in the southeastern Brazilian Amazon, an area cleared of primary forest decades ago, are used to characterize smallholder production systems, to describe the flows of ecosystem services into and from these systems, and to develop a bioeconomic model of smallholder agriculture capable of predicting the effects of several types of policy action on ecosystem services provided by and to agriculture, and on-farm household incomes and food self-reliance. Of particular interest is the Proambiente Pilot Program in Brazil, which uses smallholder payment schemes to induce farmers to manage land and forest resources in ways that generate more ecosystem services. Baseline results suggest that smallholder agriculture leads to a gradual loss of ecosystem services (mainly above-ground and root carbon) provided by secondary forest fallows, and that reduction in fallow age leads to reductions in plant diversity. Intensifying agricultural activities accelerates this process, but considerably increases smallholder incomes. Paying farmers for ecosystem services linked to the retention of secondary forests and the Proambiente program both increase area in forest fallow, but the latter substantially reduces farm income because of input use restrictions. In general, programs aiming to promote the production of ecosystem services should not limit farmers' choices of ways to provide them. Employment and food self-reliance issues associated with policy options for increasing on-farm stocks of carbon and plant biodiversity are also explored.     

Vulnerability of Rural Communities to Change in an Ecosystem Service Provision: Surface water supply. A Case Study in the Northern Andes,Colombia

The understanding of how socio-ecological systems respond to environmental change is an essential issue in land use planning processes. Vulnerability analyses in the context of socio-ecological systems are a useful tool to this end. The study of social vulnerability seeks to analyze how the characteristics of beneficiaries of ecosystem services and their relation to the ecosystems, determine their sensitivity and their capacity to adapt to changes in the provision of said services. In this paper, we evaluate the social vulnerability of rural communities in the face of changes in the levels of the provision of surface water in the Riogrande basin, which is located in the Northern Andes in Colombia. Social vulnerability is evaluated based on two components. First, the initial, inherent vulnerability, which depends on parameters such as current level and the change in the level of benefits, types of needs met by the ecosystem service analyzed, and the capacity for substitution. The second component is the final, inherent vulnerability that considers the beneficiary’s adaptive capacity determined by individual and institutional characteristics. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews and site-level surveys, as well as the use of available existing data for the area of study. The results show that beneficiaries of the ecosystem service which was analyzed have a low vulnerability to changes in the levels of water supply given their high substitution capacities and medium-high adaptive capacity.     

“Community developed and farmer delivered.” An analysis of the spatial and relational proximities of the Alternative Land Use Services program in Ontario

In Canada, the Alternative Land Use Services (ALUS) program aims to support conservation projects by financially compensating farmers for ecosystem services. The program advocates a bottom-up approach that allows farmers to decide which projects to implement. In this respect, ALUS distinguishes itself from more traditional agri-environment schemes, which are often managed in a top-down fashion. Other unique features of the program include a governance structure based on stakeholder confidence; the provision of annual compensation to members for supplying ecosystem services; and a private, community-based approach to conservation. Using the proximity analysis framework, our research explores whether this model can reshape the values of farmers and encourage them to adopt and maintain environmentally friendly practices. Our results reveal a close proximity among ALUS members in terms of their values, both environmental and economic. However, the ALUS program fails to take full advantage of the geographic and organized proximity of its participants. Specifically, individual projects are not integrated into a spatially coordinated, collective strategy that could have a greater environmental impact. While ALUS has been successful in encouraging farmers to adopt new practices, it mostly attracts participants who already agree with the values it promotes. In this regard, the program is not very different from standard agri-environment schemes.     

Cross-border marketing ecosystem orchestration: A conceptualization of its determinants and boundary conditions

The authors propose that the current trends and developments in the international marketplace call for a new theoretical concept-based approach to inform and guide cross-border marketing strategy. Specifically, the authors label this approach marketing ecosystem orchestration (MEO). The marketing ecosystem is defined as connected, interdependent, and co-evolving sets of actors, activities, and institutions enabling the marketing of an offering that has value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. MEO is a new strategic approach for an internationalizing firm to achieve sustained value creation, value appropriation, and growth in a host market. Orchestration involves developing and/or coordinating the ecosystem’s interdependent – but independent actors, resources, information, processes, and services to create, co-create, and appropriate value from firms’ market-based assets. The authors theorize three components of MEO – the orchestration of supply chains and fulfillment networks, marketing communications, and transactions and payments sub-ecosystems – and develop a conceptual framework and propositions influencing the determinants of MEO adoption by the focal firm. This paper concludes with managerial implications and offers several new directions for international marketing research.     

Decision making in a complex world: Using OPTamos in a multi-criteria process for land management in the Cuitzmala watershed in Mexico

Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are incentives offered to land owners or managers in exchange for practices that benefit society with ecological goods and/or services. For the success of PES schemes, the involvement of stakeholders, their needs, knowledge, and perspectives has been found beneficial. This paper presents a new approach in engaging stakeholders based on an iterative transdisciplinary framework for a Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) decision-making process. After a comprehensive review of existing options, the paper describes the development and application of a new software, OPTamos, to allow for efficient handling and processing of large volumes of quantitative and qualitative data generated from stakeholder workshops. Applied to a land use related decision in the Cuitzmala watershed, in the state of Jalisco in Mexico, the outcomes from this approach resulted in acceptable land management options for the entire area of the watershed that satisfied criteria generated by the stakeholders themselves and to finally develop an action plan.     

论长株潭城市群社区服务信息生态体系构建

长株潭城市群社区服务面临着社区在线服务能力弱、服务需求压抑、服务信息生态环境不佳等发展背景,其信息生态功能存在弱化或缺位的现象。构建长株潭城市群社区服务信息生态体系的关键包括实现长株潭城市群社区信息资源高效整合、明确社区信息化服务的目标和原则、专门研制具有长株潭街道和社区工作和环境特点的街道/社区信息化系统,以及解决＂体制性障碍＂等形成的协同服务困境等。