Community-Based Wildlife Management (CWM) in Tanzania: Are the Communities Interested?

The fences-and-fines approach (the American National Park model) to wildlife protection is now perceived by many conservationists to have failed in Africa. An alternative approach whereby rural communities are given ownership rights or custodianship and management responsibilities for the resource has been introduced under the name Community-based Wildlife Management (CWM) (also known as Community-Based Conservation or CBC). This new approach is currently under experimentation in many parts of Africa. It is based on a number of assumptions, one being that the communities are interested and willing to conserve wildlife on their lands. Using the Selous Conservation Programme (SCP) in Tanzania and seven other African cases, this paper examines the plausibility of this assumption.     

Book Reviews

The Economic Impact of Holiday Villages: A Report for the Rural Development Commission. PA Cambridge Economic Consultants. Salisbury: Rural Development Commission, 1991. Pp. 3–35. ISBN 1-869964-19-5 (paper). Reviewed by Jonathan Murdoch

Beyond the Green Horizon: A Discussion Paper on Principles for Sustainable Tourism. Shirley Eber. UK: WWF, 1992. Pp. vi+54. ISBN 0-947613-0 (pbk): free. Reviewed by Peter Ashcroft     

Manta ray tourism: interpersonal and social values conflicts,sanctions, and management

Scuba diving and snorkeling with manta rays (M. birostris, M. alfredi) at sites in Hawaii, USA, have become popular, with upward of 30 tour boats and 300 participants daily. This article examined whether conflicts are occurring within and between these activities and if so, what types of conflict are prevalent and how would participants respond (support restrictions, sanction others). Data from surveys of 444 participants following evening trips to view manta rays showed that 79% of snorkelers experienced in-group conflict with other snorkelers, and 53% of scuba divers reported conflict with other divers. Most conflicts were interpersonal (physical interactions among individuals interfering with experiences). Conflict behaviors included bumping into people (up to 92%), not being aware (up to 73%), and blinding people with underwater flashlights (up to 56%). There were fewer out-group conflicts between different activities (snorkelers vs. scuba divers) and minimal social values conflicts (negative preconceptions, no physical interactions among individuals). Participants supported limiting numbers of snorkelers, scuba divers, and boats, and providing education on how to behave with others. Those experiencing conflicts were more supportive of these strategies and more likely to directly sanction participants causing conflicts, but were not more likely to indirectly sanction managers and operators.     

野象的迷思:野象谷人—象冲突的社会建构分析

在野生动物旅游活动中,人与动物之间的冲突一直受到关注.而现在占主导地位的科学主义研究范式并不能够有效缓解这种冲突,反而强调了人与动物的二元对立.社会建构论被认为可以超越这种对立,在其视野下,科学知识是围绕社会事实所建构的多种知识中的一种.该文针对西双版纳野象谷出现的管理上的矛盾现象和各种利益相关者眼中出现的矛盾的大象形象,利用社会建构论对其进行了分析.发现游客、员工和周边社区对大象的知识的建构来源于他们日常生活经验而非科学,甚至与科学知识相悖.游客将野象建构为稀少、可爱和吉祥,期待野象出现；员工认识到野象的可怕,不希望野象在景区出现；社区居民虽认识到野象的危险,却不认为其可怕,对野象的出现习以为常.要理解人与象的冲突必须理解不同人建构的关于象的知识,而不能仅仅关注科学对象的知识建构.     

COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN NAMIBIA: EMPOWERING THE POOR WITH PROPERTY RIGHTS

This paper examines the Community Based Natural Resource Management Programme in Namibia. It finds that the policy of transferring property rights to natural resources from the state to local communities has brought significant economic and environmental benefits. Though the system has been quite successful, there are lingering weaknesses. These include an incomplete devolution of management and use rights, problems related to human–wildlife conflict and continuing concerns with land tenure insecurity.     

野生动物旅游:概念、类型与研究框架

野生动物旅游源于欧美地区的野生动物猎杀和观赏活动,已经历了上百年的发展历史。近年来,野生动物旅游发展迅速,受到国外学界和业界的广泛关注。文章分析和总结了野生动物旅游的概念,依据不同的标准划分了野生动物旅游的类型;构建了野生动物旅游研究的内容框架,认为其由野生动物旅游内涵研究、野生动物旅游供给研究、野生动物旅游者研究、野生动物旅游影响研究、野生动物旅游地可持续发展研究等五个既相互独立、又相互关联的子系统构成。     

不同伦理取向野生动物旅游景区的游客具身性体验差异研究——基于网络文本评论与IPA模型分析

人和动物的和谐关系是野生动物旅游可持续发展的关键。本文从动物伦理观出发,将网络评论作为数据源,运用文本挖掘、社会网络分析以及IPA模型分析方法,对不同伦理取向野生动物旅游景区的游客具身性体验差异进行分析。研究发现：（1）不同的伦理取向会影响野生动物旅游景区的运营;（2）在具身理论视角下,野生动物旅游体验是一种涵盖身体性体验、情境性体验与感知性体验的多维、复杂性体验,呈现出三层六个维度的特征;（3）不同伦理取向的野生动物旅游景区因供给方面的差异,游客的体验存在着以感知性体验为主和以身体性体验为主的具身性结构差异。     

野生动物及其制品非法贸易治理策略研究

运用滚雪球方法系统地梳理野生动物非法贸易及犯罪研究领域的相关文献资料,全面地分析野生动物的法律概念界定窄且不确定、“保护”与“利用”初衷存在偏离、协同监管体制不完善等治理困境,得到野生动物及其制品非法贸易治理遵循生物多样性规律、完善整体性保护的思路、创新非法贸易的治理举措三大治理需求,提出从重塑立法理念、科学界定野生动物概念、完善野生动物及其制品非法贸易治理体制、优化执法队伍建设体制等治理野生动物及其制品非法贸易的建议。     

公路建设与野生动物保护

公路建设在促进社会、经济发展的同时,也产生了严重的负面作用;就公路建设对野生动物产生的影响及防治措施进行了综述;公路建设对野生动物产生的影响包括干扰、公路致死、阻碍与回避、生境破碎化、生物入侵等;其防治措施包括路径选择、野生动物通道、补偿和营运期管理等。     

The impact of rhino poaching on tourist experiences and future visitation to National Parks in South Africa

Wildlife tourism attracts substantial numbers of tourists worldwide with Africa as the major wildlife viewing destination earning the bulk of its tourism revenue from such tourism. Iconic animals, such as the rhino, are major attractions for tourists to South Africa who holds approximately 80% of the World’s rhino population. However, the rapid increase in rhino poaching activities has reached a crisis point and should the rate of poaching continue to increase Africa’s remaining rhino population will become extinct in the wild within 20 years. How this affects tourists and tourism is still largely unknown. This study shows evidence that rhino poaching and anti-poaching measures do impact tourism in the short term and could affect future visitation to Parks.