美国货币政策的国际传递效应及其影响的实证研究

本文实证研究发现美国货币政策对各国产出水平、净出口和物价具有国际传递效应,其中对各国物价的影响还具有同步效应.结构化脉冲响应分析表明,美国货币政策可在基本不损害美国经济增长的情况下改善美国的贸易收支,并对其他国家的经济增长产生负面影响,对中国贸易顺差波动影响尤为显著.因此必须关注美国货币政策的道德风险,谨防美国采取损人利己行为所带来的全球性冲击,并从货币政策的角度来挖掘平衡中国贸易收支的手段和方法.     

Nonlinear Transmission of Financial Shocks: Some New Evidence

Financial shocks generate a protracted and quantitatively important effect on real economic activity and financial markets only if the shocks are both negative and large. Otherwise, their role is quite modest. Financial shocks have become more important for economic fluctuations after 2000 and have contributed substantially to deepening the recessions of 2001 and 2008. The evidence is obtained using a new econometric procedure based on a Vector Moving Average representation that includes a nonlinear function of the financial shock. This method is a contribution of the present work.     

油价冲击、货币政策调整与产出波动——基于中国的经验证据

本文基于我国2001-2010年宏观经济月度数据,采用SVAR模型分析了国际油价波动时,央行货币政策在排除回应油价干扰与未排除干扰下的反应差异及油价波动对产出的影响。研究发现,在排除货币政策回应油价波动干扰后,通过脉冲响应函数反映的油价波动对产出的短期负面影响消失。方差分解结果显示,长期内产出波动由油价冲击和货币政策解释的比例分别为5716%和32480%,比排除干扰前分别下降了2569%和4560%。这说明我国油价冲击带来的经济衰退主要是因为货币政策及其回应油价冲击紧缩所致。此外,面对油价的短期冲击,CPI指数并未随着生产者购进价格指数上升而上升,产出也未发生明显的衰减;但在较长时间内,油价上升会因为相对价格的改变,而影响CPI水平和货币政策,从而对产出产生显著的负面影响。     

我国经济结构调整对国际收支差额的影响——基于消费、投资与外贸结构的分析

笔者利用SVAR与VEC模型研究发现,通过投资、消费、外贸结构调整对我国国际收支进行调节,在短期与长期存在差异性。短期结构调整的重点应放在提高城镇居民消费占比,适当扩大政府消费占比,有效抑制进出口增长速度等方面;长期调整的重点应集中于有效提高城镇与农村居民的消费占比上。由于我国消费和外贸结构调整对国际收支调节的作用突出,因此,需要通过显著提高居民收入水平,不断增强国内消费需求来改变消费、投资和外贸结构,以促进我国国际收支基本平衡的实现。     

Broken trend stationarity of hours worked

The estimated impact of a technology shock on hours worked using Structural Vector Autoregressions (SVARs) depends to a great extent on whether or not hours worked is considered to be integrated of first order. It is shown in this article that the widely analysed time series of hours worked per capita in the US business sector evolves around a broken linear trend. When this fact is taken into account, the unit root null is rejected by recently proposed tests. Therefore, it can be stated that empirical specifications with hours in first differences are not recommended. It seems more appropriate to control for the presence of this shift in the deterministic component. We also draw this conclusion from a bivariate model for both productivity growth and hours worked. Our results suggest that technology improvements have a negative but nonsignificant effect on hours only in the very short run. This impact later becomes positive and statistically significant after five periods.     

陕西房地产价格与宏观经济变量的SVAR模型分析

文章利用2005年8月至2010年3月陕西房地产价格和宏观经济数据,建立五变量SVAR模型,研究陕西房地产价格同宏观经济变量之间的脉冲响应关系。研究结果显示:货币政策对陕西房地产价格影响甚微,而宏观经济与陕西房地产价格之间具有相互长期显著影响,特别是房价上涨持续推高通胀。因此,要促进陕西房地产市场健康发展,需要增加陕西房地产市场供给,满足刚性需求并拓宽投资渠道,分流房地产的保值增值需求。     

中国利率政策与房地产价格的互动关系研究

本文通过建立结构向量自回归模型对中国房地产价格与利率政策之间的互动关系进行了探讨,发现中国的利率政策并不能对房地产价格形成有效的调节,造成了利率政策房地产价格传导渠道的失效;相反,房地产价格冲击对利率政策却具有显著的正向影响,说明中国历史上的利率政策制定的确参考了房地产价格因素,并对其作出了一定的反应。本文还利用模拟分析对样本期间内我国利率政策的实施效果进行了分析评价。研究结论对中国中央银行利率政策的有效执行及房地产市场调控具有重要政策启示。     

Identifying terms of trade shocks in a developing country using a sign restrictions approach

Using annual data for Botswana from 1960 to 2012, we examine the responses of macroeconomic variables to four generalized positive terms of trade shocks – global demand, globalizing, sector-specific and global supply. A sign-restricted structural vector autoregression model with a penalty function is estimated to identify the four possible shocks. While positive global demand and globalization shocks are both expansionary, they have opposite effects on inflation. A positive commodity market specific shock dampens real GDP growth and is inflationary, suggesting a possible Dutch disease response. A negative global supply shock suppresses both output growth and inflation. All but the last shock leads to a significant declining interest rate. Monetary policy contraction is recommended for the first shock and expansion for the others.     

基于SVAR模型的法定存款准备金率对宏观经济各变量的影响分析

准备金率是央行近年来使用频率最高的货币政策工具,它直接影响货币供应量,间接影响价格水平、利率以及股市。文章通过自回归模型（SVAR）、脉冲响应函数以及方差分解技术考察准备金率对宏观经济变量的影响,结果显示：存款准备金率的变动对三个变量的影响是不同的,其中对M1影响最大,对CPI影响较小,对于股市影响也较小且比较短暂。     

Revisiting output-price relations in East Asia

Why slower growth and high inflation can occur concurrently, while in other cases growth can be non-inflationary？ Why did aggregate demand policy sometime fail to work, given an orthogonal shock？ This study ponders on these queries by estimating the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves in four East Asian countries. Applying the Structural Vector Auto-Regression （SVAR） with the restrictions a-la Blanchard and Quah, it is revealed that while the AD and AS curves in most cases follow the textbook definitions, in some countries the AS curve is so fiat that demand expansion would have been effective to stimulate growth, and supply-based policies would be more desirable to control prices. We also found that during the crisis the supply shock played a more significant role in the price fluctuations, suggesting that focusing on AD management alone was not the best approach to take.