拨开农业创业失败复兴迷雾：失败学习与创业能力的共演过程

农业创业赋予我国乡村振兴和农业高质量发展以无穷活力,但在实践中农业创业失败率却一直居高不下,创业者遭遇失败后究竟该如何复兴值得探索。选取央视《致富经》栏目中14个典型败后复兴的农业创业案例,运用扎根理论分析法,探究败后复兴过程中失败学习和创业能力演化规律。研究发现：①失败学习主要表现为归因学习、经验学习和迭代学习3种学习方式,能够作用于败后复兴过程中的创业能力形成;②创业能力主要包括机会能力、技术能力、市场能力及运营能力,对败后复兴起推动作用;③在败后复兴的3个具体阶段,失败学习通过填补知识空白、经验知识内化和知识体系革新3个关键机制与创业能力互动,能够有效促进创业能力演化,在败后复兴过程中起决定性作用。     

免征农业税后农村工作新机制的思考

免征农业税后农村形势呈现出的重大变化,为了更好地调节农村工作新机制对农村的作用,我们在这里先了解一下农村工作新机制的基本职能和农村工作新机制指向的基本需求,以及如何更好地建立农村的新机制。     

世界主要稻米生产国和进出口国的稻米生产贸易分析

本文简要介绍了世界主要水稻生产国和稻米进出口国的稻米生产和贸易情况,并从人口、生活习惯、收入和稻米政策等方面分析了发达国家因粮食过剩而出口、发展中国家因粮食不足而扩大生产的原因。     

零售企业扩张实践质疑威廉姆森命题

"复制和选择性干预不可能",是威廉姆森关于企业规模边界的一个颇具权威性的命题,但是本文认为,这个命题已遭到零售企业扩张实践的质疑,沃尔玛、家乐福等零售企业的扩张恰恰是由"复制和选择性干预"所支撑的.本文从零售企业"类似性活动"业务属性和"订购性生产"经营特征分析切入,对零售企业扩张中"复制和选择性干预"成为可能的深层原因进行了探讨.最后,文章认为,威廉姆森命题的遭遇与经济学的某种局限有关,这种局限的直接表现是经济学一直都将企业默认为生产企业,忽略流通企业的特殊属性,"工商合一"、"以工代商".文章对这种表象背后的原因也作了一定的分析.     

新疆图瓦人的马奶酒

在我国新疆阿尔泰山深处有较完整的图瓦人村落,主要是喀纳斯村、禾木村和白哈巴村,生活着约2 000名图瓦人。他们有着独特的生活习惯,而马奶酒是这个民族最为喜好的日常饮品,马奶酒的起源具有它的历史继承性和劳动人民的智慧结晶,酿造的方法代表着这个民族对于生活的热爱,马奶酒的营养价值表明这个民族在缺医少药的艰苦环境下身体的自我调治,从而也为挖掘这个民族的饮食健康有一定的帮助。     

参与电商会促进猕猴桃种植户绿色生产技术采纳吗?——基于倾向得分匹配的反事实估计

本文利用陕西、四川两省686户猕猴桃种植户的调查数据,在采用变异系数法度量猕猴桃种植户绿色生产技术采纳程度的基础上,利用倾向得分匹配法构建反事实框架,实证分析参与电商对猕猴桃种植户绿色生产技术采纳的影响效应。结果表明:猕猴桃种植户绿色生产子技术的重要性依次为测土配方施肥技术、物理防治技术、套袋技术、无公害农药使用技术、有机肥施用技术;在控制样本选择偏差后,参与电商对猕猴桃种植户绿色生产技术采纳有显著的正向影响;参与电商对不同资本禀赋的猕猴桃种植户绿色生产技术采纳的促进效应存在差异;参与电商通过提升产品价格预期、提升经济收益水平、提升信息获取能力、追求正向社会评价四条路径来影响猕猴桃种植户的绿色生产技术采纳。     

信息传递、家庭养老保险与农户农业规模经营参与决策分析——以农户农地股份合作社入股决策为例

如何激发农户参与农业规模经营的积极性,是实现其与现代化农业有机衔接的关键之一。本文以农地股份合作社为例,基于728户非社员农户样本,着重分析了信息传递、家庭养老保险对非社员农户入股决策的调节作用及其相互作用。研究发现,家庭养老保险参与、政策信息、社员评价信息传递对非社员农户入股决策均表现出显著的正向调节作用。其中,社员评价信息传递边际效应最高,对非社员农户的调节作用随传递信息内容等级的提高而提高。此外,信息传递对非农社员入股决策影响的边际调节效应递减。家庭养老保险对非农户社员入股决策的正向调节作用需要一定的信息传递为基础。因此,本文提出如下建议:可针对特定农业规模经营方式,在发展的不同阶段采取不同的信息传递方式;健全运行机制和监督机制,提高参与农户评价;完善农村社会保险体系,提高农户风险补偿预期。     

农业供应链金融的数字化转型:理论与中国案例

随着农村电商、物联网和数字金融的快速发展,我国农业供应链金融开始向数字化转型,本文对数字化农业供应链金融模式进行理论和案例分析。研究发现,相比于传统农业供应链金融,数字化农业供应链金融借助于电商平台、物联网、大数据和云计算等数字应用和技术,能够降低金融服务过程中的交易成本,构建农村数字化信用评价体系,优化风险控制策略,最终提高金融供给效率。目前数字化农业供应链金融已形成互联网企业驱动和数字化农业企业驱动两种模式,但是仍面临资金成本高、数字足迹缺乏和信息孤岛等问题,限制其作用的发挥。未来应加快对传统农业的数字化改造,推动农村电商的发展,支持和规范涉农互联网金融机构的发展,最终完善数字化农业供应链金融模式,为发展中国家的农业供应链金融贡献创新模式。     

Reforms,globalization, and endogenous agricultural structures

In this article, I draw lessons from two quasi‐natural experiments (the transition process in former Communist countries and the rapid globalization of food chains) on the optimality of farms and agricultural structures more generally. I argue that (a) the farm structures that have emerged from the transition process are much more diverse than expected ex ante; (b) this diversity is to an important extent determined by economic mechanisms which are influenced by initial conditions and reform policies; (c) non‐traditional farm structures have played an important role during transition because they were optimal to address the specific institutional and structural constraints imposed by the transition process; (d) there is more diversity than often argued in the farms that are integrated in global food chains; (e) endogenous institutional (contracting) innovations in food chains may lock existing farm structures in a long‐run institutional framework; and (f) indicators based on farm structures are not a good measure of welfare effects of the globalization of food chains.     

The estimation of agricultural policy effects on soil erosion—An application for the bio-economic model MODAM

As agricultural policies affect land use, they have effects on the amount of soil erosion in agricultural regions through changes of the economic conditions of agricultural production. Prices of inputs and outputs, regulations and incentives can change, forcing or encouraging farmers to adopt new crop rotations. This paper shows how a bio-economic model can be used to describe and estimate the effects of policies on agricultural production and the risk of soil erosion at the example of a region in North-Eastern Germany. The model uses both an assessment tool that is based on a fuzzy-logic approach for the estimation of soil erosion risk of cropping practices, and a linear programming model, that simulates farmers’ economic behaviour under the assumption of gross margin maximisation being the main goal of farmers’ actions.The analysed policy options were both a targeted and an untargeted incentive programme for reduced tillage, and a restriction option where high erosive crops are not allowed on high erodible field types. The results show that policy changes can have an impact on soil erosion. Furthermore, soil conservation policies are shown to have different levels of efficiency in terms of reduced soil erosion related to the costs of the policy. In the case of this study, a restriction option was more efficient than the incentive options. The results of such simulations can serve as a decision support for the development of soil conservation policies and help to foresee the effects of general changes of agricultural policies.