基于CVM的青海湖旅游区生态系统美学价值评估

基于千年生态系统评估(MA)框架分析,生态系统美学价值具有非物质性、对于个体的主观性和对于群体的客观性等特征。依据景观美学理论基础和生态系统服务评估研究方法,确定了CVM评估生态系统美学价值的合理性。文章在文献研究基础上,以具有"大美青海"之称的青海湖旅游区为案例地,尝试运用CVM评估其生态系统美学价值。经计算,2013年青海湖旅游区生态系统总体美学价值均值极高,可成为青海湖旅游区管理部门制定生态补偿政策的数据参考。     

陕西农户奶牛保险支付意愿的实证分析

陕西省于2007年7月在泾阳县实施了奶牛政策性农业保险的试点。本文按照条件价值评估方法,于2007年11月在泾阳县以支付卡式问卷调查对127户奶牛养殖户进行了实地调查,以调查数据为依据,测算了当地养殖户奶牛保险费用支付意愿,并运用Logistic回归模型分析了影响农户奶牛保险支付意愿的主要因素。结论认为,泾阳县奶牛保险试点中对畜龄2～8周岁奶牛实际征收保费标准低于养殖户平均支付意愿,是否接受保费、是否了解补贴、养殖户个体特征即受教育年限、养殖经验、年龄等是影响其保险支付意愿的主要因素。     

What Experimental Protocol Influence Disparities Between Actual and Hypothetical Stated Values?

Preferences elicited in hypothetical settings have recently come underscrutiny, causing estimates from the contingent valuation method to bechallenged due to perceived ``hypothetical bias.' Given that the receivedliterature derives value estimates using heterogeneous experimentaltechniques, understanding the effects of important design parameters onthe magnitude of hypothetical bias is invaluable. In this paper, we addressthis issue statistically by using a meta-analysis to examine data from 29experimental studies. Our empirical findings suggest that on averagesubjects overstate their preferences by a factor of about 3 in hypotheticalsettings, and that the degree of over-revelation is influenced by thedistinction between willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept, publicversus private goods, and several elicitation methods.     

流域生态补偿的支付意愿及影响因素——以南水北调中线工程受水区郑州市为例

基于支付卡式(PC)条件价值法(CVM)对南水北调中线工程受水区郑州市进行问卷调查,利用Tobit模型考察了受水区居民使用南水北调中线工程水源区水质和水量生态服务的支付意愿(WTP)。结果表明:在302个有效样本中,受水区居民具有正支付意愿的比例为84.44%,其中89.8%的居民支付意愿值为10元/月及以下。根据两类WTP评估方法得出的郑州市居民支付意愿为5~8.09元/月。居民异质性是支付意愿的重要影响因素,收入水平、教育水平、年龄和偏好的影响显著;从居民对水源产权的认知看,受访者默认拥有清洁水源使用权,支付意愿决策具有较强的自利动机;从居民支付意愿决策背景看,水量和水质变化影响了居民的效用水平,从而改变了居民参与流域生态补偿的支付意愿。应建立生态服务使用方直接参与的流域生态补偿机制,根据受水区居民真实支付意愿对水源区进行生态补偿。     

CVM Embedding Effects When There Are Active, Potentially Active and Passive Users of Environmental Goods

Embedding is said to occur when thewillingness-to-pay (WTP) values for a gooddiffer according to whether the good is valuedon its own or as part of a package of goods. Itcan manifest itself as a question order orsequencing effect whereby the WTP for a gooddepends upon the order in which contingentvaluation questions are asked. Usingsplit-sample data from different questionorderings of a survey administered to a generalpopulation, the willingness-to-pay values forimprovements to three recreational activities(swimming, fishing, and boating in HamiltonHarbour, Ontario, Canada) are estimated. Respondents are divided into three types ofuser groups: active users, potentially activeusers, and passive users. The paper thenexamines the extent to which embedding in theform of different question sequences affectseach of these three user types. Severalarguments are put forward to suggest whypassive users might be more susceptible toquestion order than active users. The resultssupport the hypothesis that order effects arelikely to be larger for passive users and alsoshow that potentially active users may beaffected by question order to a greater extentthan active users. This highlights theimportance of considering context when usingmultiple-question CVM to value passive usegoods.     

Measuring Passive Use Value: Pledges, Donations and CV Responses in Connection with an Important Natural Resource

This paper examines monetary valuations of lost passive-use benefits associated with damage to a unique environmental resource – a national park, elicited through contingent valuation, and compares them with actual donations to the same end, where the latter are interpreted as a quasi-market expression of willingness to pay for non-market resource services. The relationships between the two valuation approaches were investigated in the specific context of an environmental episode which damaged a unique natural endowment, Israel's Carmel National Park. The empirical analysis is based on data from two sample surveys; one sample was drawn from the population of people who either pledged or pledged and donated during a fund-raising campaign following the episode, with the proceeds dedicated to rehabilitation or prevention of future episodes; the second sample was drawn from the general population of the country. The results cannot be interpreted as providing unqualified support for the reliability of contingent valuation as a means for obtaining passive use values.     

农地城市流转的外部效益损失估算——以武汉市洪山区为例

伴随着我国城市化进程的加快,农地城市流转已成为普遍的社会现象,本文运用条件价值评估法估算洪山区农地城市流转的外部效益损失额。研究表明：①超过90％的居民已经意识到农地保护的重要性,80％以上的居民愿意为保有农地出钱或捐物,其中农民的平均支付额为292．56元／户·年,市民为361．89元／户·年,支付水平与受访者的性别、文化程度、家庭收入等特征有显著关系;②估算出武汉市洪山区农地的外部效益为21．17×10^8元,其中单位面积农地的外部效益为27．15×10^8元／公顷;③1997～2005年洪山区的耕地面积减少1230公顷,耕地城市流转损失的外部效益达3．34×10^8元,占2005年GDP的2％。     

Economic valuation of habitat defragmentation: A study of the Veluwe, the Netherlands

This paper offers an economic value assessment of a nature protection programme in the Veluwe, the Netherlands. This programme involves two defragmentation scenarios: the first scenario connects the central part of the Veluwe with river forelands in a north-eastern direction (i.e. the meadows of the IJssel river), while the second scenario is focussed on defragmentation in a south-western direction (i.e. the meadows of the Rhine river). The valuation is based on a questionnaire that was administered during face-to-face interviews in the area and through the Internet. We employ a contingent valuation approach to assess the respondents' willingness to pay for the realisation of the defragmentation scenarios. It appears that the mean willingness to pay (WTP) for the two defragmentation scenarios is € 162.2 (lognormal distribution) per respondent. Because the Veluwe is considered a nature park of national importance, we performed an aggregation of individual WTP estimates over Dutch households. With the resulting aggregate estimates we can compare the total costs and benefits of the two scenarios for habitat defragmentation in the Veluwe. In addition, we test whether respondents value the two scenarios equally. We also check whether the methods of data collection (face-to-face interviews and Internet questionnaires) have distinct influences on the stated WTP responses.