New evidence on the convergence of international income from a group of 29 countries

This paper updates and extends the time-series evidence on the convergence of international incomes using a set of 29 countries over the period 1900–2001. Time-series tests for stochastic convergence are supplemented with tests which provide evidence on the notion of “β-convergence” predicted by the Solow model. The evidence indicates that the relative income series of 21 countries are consistent with stochastic convergence, and that β-convergence has occurred in at least 16 countries at some point during the twentieth century. Further examination of the properties of the β-convergence test provides anecdotal evidence of conditional convergence in three additional countries for which the convergence hypothesis was initially rejected. Consideration of convergence clubs strengthens the evidence in favor of convergence. Analysis of the cross-country dispersion of incomes over time also suggests that convergence has occurred over the 1900–2001 period, particularly within certain clubs, with structural breaks associated with World War II in many countries causing a break in the convergence process.      

企业内部控制的分类概述

企业内部控制是企业管理研究的热点,本文在总结企业内部控制分类的基础上,结合企业内部控制的安定性及其影响因素的分析,给出了企业内部控制依时间标准、内容标准的安定性分类,并对传统分类的安定性进行了细分析。     

Optimal size, optimal timing and optimal financing of an investment

Corporate investment is an important determinant of economic well-being. The existing literature identifies optimal investment size and timing without the possibility of debt financing, as well as the effect of debt financing on investment timing without the option to choose investment size. This paper contributes to the literature by identifying the optimal size, optimal timing and optimal financing for an investment when the firm controls all three decisions (as it usually does in practice). The investment size and investment trigger are generally positively related: when investment is delayed (accelerated) it is larger (smaller) in size, thus the overall effect on investment is ambiguous. However, when tax rate or bankruptcy cost is increased, the trigger rises and size falls, hence the effect on investment is unambiguously negative. The effect of debt financing on investment depends on the amount of debt used; with the optimal amount of debt, investment is delayed relative to the no-debt case, and this delay can be economically significant; however, the investment, when eventually made, will be larger in size. Overall, it is not appropriate to ignore either the firm’s ability to choose investment size or its option to use debt financing, when modeling the investment decision.     

What is a multinational corporation? Classifying the degree of firm-level multinationality

The degree of firm-level multinationality is a key dimension that spans all theoretical frameworks, levels of empirical analysis and domains of investigation in international business research. There is, however, no agreed approach to defining or measuring firm-level multinationality. This is reflected in inconsistent approaches to sample selection and empirical testing, and it has curtailed the advancement of the discipline. We propose that instead of searching for the elusive, all-encompassing definition of an MNC, international business scholars should instead agree on a classification system for the degree of firm-level multinationality. We illustrate the advantages of this approach by constructing a simple classification system that takes into account the firm's breadth and depth of multinational engagements. We illustrate our matrix of firm multinationality by classifying a novel sample of over 1000 firms from seven countries, and we demonstrate how it can guide theory development and empirical testing. We also provide examples of potential future research directions.     

中国税收分类专业化管理探析

国际社会,特别是发达市场经济国家是税收专业化管理探索的先行者,税收分类专业化管理的国际启示为中国税收分类专业化管理探析提供了经验框架。作为后起步的转轨市场经济国家的中国,由于相关理论、经验指导的缺位,或认知的不到位,中国税收分类专业化管理探索之路异常艰辛,与国际规范仍有较大距离。因此,当以国际经验为座标,探寻中国税收分类专业化管理演进的方向和路径。     

高管薪酬、董事会治理与分类转移

本文研究了高管薪酬和董事会治理对分类转移的影响。研究表明,货币薪酬会诱使高管向上转移利得,股权激励和缺乏区分度的薪酬制度会诱使高管同时向下转移费用和向上转移利得;而勤勉、独立和两职分离的董事会能够在一定程度上识别并抑制这两种不同方式的分类转移;但董事会对分类转移的抑制程度小于高管薪酬对分类转移的诱发程度。进一步地,良好的市场、法制和媒体监督环境能够有效缓解高管薪酬对分类转移的诱发作用,而董事会能够有效弥补法制建设和媒体监督不足导致的分类转移治理缺陷,并在较高质量的审计环境下对分类转移发挥更强的抑制作用。本文首次结合制度背景和媒体监督研究了公司核心治理机制对不同分类转移方式的影响和原因,并创新性地对向上转移利得的程度进行了衡量,为监管部门及公司治理机制、会计准则的制定者提供经验证据。     

关于《中图法》为旅游学立类之管见

文章简要回顾了《中图法》从第一版至第四版对旅游类目设置的历史沿革,分析其存在问题,并提出了新的立类方案。     

高职院校《进出口商品归类》教学的探讨

近年来,高等职业技术教育蓬勃发展,加入W TO后,不少学校更希望以此为契机,大力发展国际经济与贸易专业的高职教育。《进出口商品归类》是高职院校国际经济与贸易专业中开设的专业技能类课程,也是一门实用性强的新课程,在教学实践中会不可避免地碰到一些问题,文章拟对此进行研究,提出个人见解,以促进国际经济与贸易高职教育的健康发展。     

高校教育用地分类及现状调查分析——以吉林大学为例

随着社会不断发展进步,能够有效利用的土地资源越来越稀缺。对高校教育用地集约利用的研究逐年增加,但却鲜有对高校教育用地分类及现状调查分析的专题研究。借鉴《高校用地集约评价技术规程》,构建吉林大学教育用地分类体系,运用吉布斯·马丁的多样化指数对各类用地分析的基础上,绘制洛伦兹曲线得到各分类指标值,并结合Arc GIS软件阐述用地现状调查的过程,希望对高校教育用地的研究起到一定参考作用。     

基于内容查询的图像数据多层模型和快速检索研究

基于内容的图像搜索是目前搜索领域的研究热点,取得了较大的成果,在实际的开发中对于图像的数据库存储和检索的要求较高。本文通过对图像特征的研究,采用了面向对象的多层数据模型,并分析了索引空间中的多维索引降维、向量空间、度量空间等方法,引出了基于预分类和预计算相似度、树索引和二分快速检索图像数据的方法。接着通过分析其工作流程,从数据模型和检索方法上进行了论述,构造了基于内容的图像检索的工作架构。本文总结了此方案的创新点和适用范围,从而在理论证明了它的优秀的检索性能。最终提出了采用此方案进行基于内容的图像查询的可行途径。