就业弹性、自然失业和宏观经济政策--为什么经济增长没有带来显性就业?

尽管通常的计算低估了中国的就业弹性 ,但调整后的弹性数值仍属偏低。为什么经济的增长没有带来相应的就业增长呢 ?首先 ,反周期的宏观经济政策对解决自然失业是无能为力的 ;其次 ,在反周期的宏观经济政策所能调节的周期性失业方面 ,由于宏观经济政策所引导的投资方向往往是就业密集度较低的行业 ,进而导致反周期措施拉动就业的能力大为降低。因此 ,完善劳动力市场机制、加强职业培训体系建设、推动高就业产业发展 ,应成为经济政策的重点。     

中国经济非稳态增长典型事实及解析

"卡尔多事实"总结了发达国家经济稳态增长典型特征,但是作为发展中国家的中国经济呈现非稳态增长,不符合"卡尔多事实"。本文按照王诚(2007)关于典型化事实研究的研究思路,提出中国经济非稳态增长典型事实,并利用时变弹性生产函数模型加以刻画和解析。通过推导时变弹性分解公式,解释1995年以来资本弹性上升、劳动弹性下降,是由于资本边际产出指数大于资本生产率指数、劳动边际产出指数小于劳动生产率指数的结果。研究认为,提升初次分配中劳动收入报酬的比重,关键在于劳动报酬增长不慢于劳动生产率的提高。本文试图在建立中国经济非稳态增长典型化事实及解析方面做出初步探讨。     

有偏技术进步、要素替代与创新溢出效应——2000—2017年中国工业经验分析

在要素替代框架下,构建一个有偏技术进步的超越对数成本函数模型,利用2000—2017年中国工业面板数据估计有偏技术进步对创新溢出效应的影响。结果发现：资本和能源有偏技术进步对创新溢出存在显著负向效应,劳动有偏技术进步对创新溢出存在显著正向效应,而中间品有偏技术进步对创新溢出的正向效应不显著。进一步将要素替代弹性变量纳入模型后发现,当资本、劳动、能源和中间品替代弹性临界阈值分别高于2.864 0、5.234 1、6.453 2及4.163 9时,有偏技术进步对创新溢出具有显著正向效应。上述发现表明,技术进步遵循具有比较优势的创新资源,本质上有利于提升创新溢出效应。     

外国直接投资对我国产业结构拉动的弹性分析

本文运用计量模型对相关统计数据分析得出,外资对我国各产业增加值具有一定的拉动作用,特别是制造业,近20年的数据表明外资对我国制造业及其高新技术产业的增长拉动非常大：同时长期以来外资对第三产业的带动也不容忽视,可以预见随着我国零售业的全面开放以及金融、电信等行业的进一步开放,这些行业未来利用外资水平将会有一个较大的提升,由此带动国内产业重心向第三产业转移。分析表明,国内产业结构发展与我国长期坚持积极利用外资具有明显的弹性关系。     

A Note on Elasticity and Price Dispersions in the Music Recording Industry

The present note examines price dispersions inthe music recording industry between new release andmid-line (older) recordings. The model employs theframework developed within the industrial economicsliterature and provides empirical results suggestingthat new release prices are lower than those ofmid-level recordings. This result follows fromdiffering buyer characteristics and varying levelsof close substitutes, leading to higher demandelasticities for new release recordings. Finally,the theoretical expectations should hold in thepresence of either significant scale economies ormodest minimum efficient scales of production.     

Income and wealth distribution in a simple model of growth

Summary. This paper studies a deterministic one-sector growth model with a constant returns to scale production function and endogenous labor supply. It is shown that the distribution of capital among the agents has an effect on the level of per-capita output. There exists a continuum of stationary equilibria with different levels of per-capita output. If the elasticity of intertemporal substitution is large, a higher output level can be achieved when income inequality is great, that is, when the income distribution is strongly dispersed. If the elasticity of intertemporal substitution is low, the reverse relation holds. The paper shows that countries with identical production technologies and identical preferences may have different GDP levels because wealth is distributed differently among their inhabitants. Received: January 29, 1999; revised version: October 4, 1999     

Optimal imperfect pricing decision-making: Modifying and applying Nash's rule in a service sector context

This paper aims to demonstrate how a simple rule of thumb can form a basis to offer a rational and consistent approach to pricing decision-making when faced with (partially) unknown demand and cost functions. To this purpose Nash's decision rule (1975) is re-evaluated, modified, and applied in a service product context. The decision rule can provide management with a powerful indicator of the direction in which profit will change as the result of a change in price. It specifies the conditions under which differential pricing or discounting may be (more) profitable. In this way, the rule provides a basis for a more competitive business pricing policy. The modification to Nash's rule demonstrates that pricing can benefit from quantitative techniques which are comparatively straightforward to understand and apply. It reduces uncertainty by specifying the required elasticity of demand necessary to make change in price worthwhile. With this rule, managers have an additional tool to evaluate potential price changes in the context of particular market circumstances. The paper concludes by explaining how Nash's applied and modified rule provides an original and rational methodology for exploring whether discounting is a suitable pricing strategy for service businesses with high variable costs and inelastic demand patterns.     

基于冗员的中国就业弹性估计

由于我国的企业中存在大量的冗员,研究就业弹性时必须考虑冗员的影响。基于这种考虑,本文建立了一个存在冗员的就业弹性模型来研究冗员对就业弹性的影响;并利用相关数据,重新估计了我国1980—2004年剔除冗员影响后的就业弹性;结果显示1995年后中国GDP对就业的拉动能力并没有下降。     

上海市三大产业CES生产函数弹性估计

替代参数的合理估计是应用CES生产函数进行经济活动分析首要前提。而现有研究现有关于上海市三大产业生产函数替代参数的估计,使得后续研究缺乏必要的依据。本文以各统计年鉴中上海经济统计数据为基础,结合CES生产函数一阶优化条件式中的经济变量进行数据的处理,采用贝叶斯方法估计出CES生产函数假设下的上海市三大产业的替代弹性,从而为相关研究提供了可行的方法和可信的参数。     

人民币实际汇率弹性的非对称性研究:基于中国与G-7各国双边贸易数据的实证分析

本文旨在检验人民币实际汇率弹性在国别间的不对称性.文章以中国与G-7各国1990--2005年季度贸易数据为样本,采用自回归分布滞后模型(ARDL)和Pesaran等(2001)边限检验(the bound test)方法,对中国与G-7各国双边贸易方程进行了协整估计.结果显示,对应于不同的贸易对象国,人民币实际汇率弹性存在明显的不对称性,这种不对称性既取决于国别间进出口需求的差异,也取决于国别间人民币相对价值的不对称性变化.得出的结论是,仅靠汇率干预非但不能纠正我国总体外部失衡,还有可能导致外部失衡的结构性或总体性恶化.