Temporal variance of revealed preference on-street parking price elasticity

This paper utilises revealed-preference parking trend data from parking meters ex ante and ex post of a general 50% price increase in the hourly cost of on-street parking to estimate the on-street parking price elasticity of demand in an area of Dublin, Ireland. Estimates are presented for the aggregate price elasticity of demand level and individual estimates for specific time periods and days of the week. In terms of reduced parking frequency, the average price elasticity of demand reported is −0.29. Daily average estimates are consistent, with one notable exception being Thursday, a ‘late night shopping’ day for which a lower price sensitivity is reported. Morning periods are also shown to be more responsive than other time periods in the test area, indicating some potential for influencing morning inbound peak traffic levels.     

城镇居民不同收入群体消费行为分析

按照家庭收入由低到高将城镇居民划分成四个收入群体,并应用带有家庭属性的AIDS模型分析每个收入群体的消费行为。研究结果表明,随着家庭收入的上升,城镇居民对于大多数商品消费的支出弹性和价格弹性呈下降趋势;城镇居民家庭用品和交通通讯消费富有支出弹性和价格弹性。因此,政府提高低收入群体的收入水平,通过财政政策使家庭用品和交通通讯商品的价格降低,可以有效地刺激城镇居民的消费。     

河北省技术进步的就业效应研究

随着工业化改革进程的纵深化发展,经济增长方式正在由依赖资本、劳动等要素投入转向对科技进步的依赖。河北省经济高速增长的同时面临着严峻的就业形势,研究技术进步的就业效应,建立二者良好的联动机制对河北省至关重要。在梳理文献的基础上,采用恒定替代弹性生产函数来测算河北省技术进步指数;构造最优雇佣函数来测算出技术进步对就业总量具有微弱的挤出效应,运用就业结构模型测算出技术进步使得第一产业从业人数下降,而第二产业、第三产业从业人数上升,尤其第三产业从业人数随着技术进步升幅较大。     

实际有效汇率影响中国纺织品服装贸易的实证分析

纺织品服装是中国具有比较优势的大宗出口商品,在中国对外贸易中有重要的地位。文章运用最小二乘估计法,就人民币实际有效汇率对中国纺织品服装进出口贸易的影响进行了实证分析。结果表明,人民币实际有效汇率变动对中国纺织品服装进出口有显著影响,且其对进口的影响明显大于对出口的影响。另外,收入水平也是影响中国纺织品服装进出口的主要因素。     

后危机时代我国工业优势产业评价研究

本文运用比较优势和竞争优势理论,采用带动优势、贡献优势、需求收入弹性以及加权综合法等方法对后危机时代我国工业的不同产业进行定量化评价,确定我国工业发展的优势产业,为产业发展政策的制定提供理论依据,并提出提升优势产业竞争力的对策建议。     

Demand for dairy products in the EU

In the EU dairy sector, given the remaining high protective tariffs and the quota system, the main factor that drives dairy product market prices is the demand. This paper evaluates the development of demand in the EU and presents estimates of consumption trends and forecasts for the future as well as estimates of elasticity with respect to prices and income in two major EU consumer countries: France and Italy. We use two methods to estimate the development of demand for dairy products, one based on a multi-stage demand system and another based on a single trend equation. The two methods generally lead to the same qualitative results but trend projections are larger using the demand system approach which is based on a shorter data period. This difference is thus partly explained by the fact that high trend projections are not sustainable over a long period. The results show a decreasing consumption of butter and fluid milk and an overall growth in protein and fat consumption. Nevertheless, the increase in fat consumption should be more moderate than the consumption of protein. The results also show that the demand for dairy products is relatively price inelastic but is more sensitive to changes in income (especially for butter and cheese categories). As shown by the use of a partial equilibrium model of dairy markets, the likely impact of the CAP reform strongly depends on the development of demand for dairy products in the EU. More research effort on demand analysis is therefore crucial in order to assess the impact of reforms or trade negotiations more accurately and effectively.     

全球经济衰退背景下的中印自由贸易区建设——基于实证的研究

中国和印度作为世界上最大的两个发展中国家,相互间经贸合作稳步推进,已互为对方的对外贸易、投资和经济交流的重要伙伴。在全球经济衰退的大背景下,"龙象"合作对包括两国和全球在内的三方都是有好处的。本文通过对双方经济开放度、贸易结合度、贸易竞争性与经济互补性、以及贸易量与GDP之间关系的实证研究,计算了GDP对贸易额的弹性系数,分析表明,中印两国构建自由贸易区不仅具有现实的政治经济基础,更是在日益恶化的世界经济环境下中印和世界的理性选择,只有中印两国携手,才可以稀释衰退的负面影响。     

WHAT DETERMINES THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN CAPITAL AND LABOR? A LITERATURE REVIEW

This paper provides the first comprehensive review of the empirical and theoretical literature on the determinants of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. Our focus is on the two-input constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function. We start by presenting four concise observations that summarize the empirical literature on the estimation of . Motivated by these observations, the main part of this survey then focuses on potential determinants of capital–labor substitution. We first review several approaches to the microfoundation of production functions where the elasticity of substitution (EOS) is treated as a purely technological parameter. Second, we outline the construction of an aggregate elasticity of substitution (AES) in a multi-sectoral framework and investigate its dependence on underlying intra- and inter-sectoral substitution. Third, we discuss the influence of the institutional framework on the extent of factor substitution. Overall, this survey highlights that the effective elasticity of substitution (EES), which is typically estimated in empirical studies, is generally not an immutable deep parameter but depends on a multitude of technological, non-technological, and institutional determinants. Based on these insights, the final section identifies a number of potential empirical and theoretical avenues for future research.     

THE NORMALIZED CES PRODUCTION FUNCTION: THEORY AND EMPIRICS

Abstract The elasticity of substitution between capital and labor and, in turn, the direction of technical change are critical parameters in many fields of economics. Until recently, though, the application of production functions with specifically non‐unitary substitution elasticities (i.e., non‐Cobb–Douglas) was hampered by empirical and theoretical uncertainties. As recently revealed, ‘normalization’ of production‐technology systems holds out the promise of resolving many of those uncertainties. We survey and assess the intrinsic links between production (as conceptualized in a production function), factor substitution (as made most explicit in Constant Elasticity of Substitution functions) and normalization (defined by the fixing of baseline values for relevant variables). First, we recall how the normalized Constant Elasticity of Substitution function came into existence and what normalization implies for its formal properties. Then we deal with the key role of normalization in recent advances in the theory of business cycles and of economic growth. Next, we discuss the benefits normalization brings for empirical estimation and empirical growth research. Finally, we identify promising areas of future research.