经济运行与增长中的中小企业作用机理

如果偏重于发展大工业企业 ,由于资本利润率下降和工资成本逐年上升规律 ,其资本有机构成随之要提高 ,就业的劳动力相对就越来越少 ,会发生严重的失业和消费不足 ;农业的土地资本有机构成也是一个提高的过程 ,也要逐年挤出大量的劳动力来。中小企业的资本有机构成低 ,其变动不遵从于大工业资本有机构成的变动规律。因此 ,大力发展中小企业可以转移和吸收大工业和农业由于资本有机构成提高而剩余出来的劳动力 ,使资本、就业和消费达到平衡 ,避免出现严重的失业和生产过剩现象。从经济增长看 ,中小企业发展不足 ,将会导致民间投资渠道不畅而使相当一部分储蓄不能正常转化为投资需求。发展中小企业 ,疏通投资渠道 ,变劳动力过剩劣势为劳动力密集便宜竞争优势 ,以及城市化中中小企业在地理上的集中带来的聚集效应 ,将是未来 1 0— 1 5年中国经济高速增长的重要推动力。     

中国工业行业资本-劳动替代弹性估计及影响因素研究

基于超越对数生产函数的随机前沿模型估计2001—2015年中国工业行业的资本-劳动替代弹性,并对其影响因素进行分析,结果表明：劳动密集型行业的资本-劳动替代弹性普遍高于技术密集型行业,而后者又普遍高于资本密集型行业;行业开放程度、研发密度、产权属性、资本-劳动比、资产负债率、《劳动合同法》实施以及金融危机等因素都会影响资本-劳动替代弹性。     

Which Elasticity? Estimating the Responsiveness of Taxpayer Reporting Decisions

In this paper we present estimates of the responses of individuals to marginal tax rates in their reporting of income, using data from individual tax returns for the year 1995. One estimation method is ordinary least squares regression. A second method uses quantile regression, which provides evidence on behavioral responses at different points (or quantiles) in the distribution of income and so is relevant to the question of whether the responses of, say, the rich differ from those at other points in the income distribution. Our results clearly indicate that marginal tax rates affect the reporting decisions of individuals. However, there are significant differences in the marginal tax rate reporting responses for the various types of reported income, there are major differences across income classes, and there are notable differences in the estimated responses across estimation methods.

Determinants of residential water demand in Germany

We econometrically analyze the impact of several economic, environmental and social determinants for the per capita demand for water in about 600 water supply areas in Germany. Besides prices, income and household size, we consider the effects of population age, the share of wells, housing patterns, precipitation and temperature. We also explore why current per capita residential water consumption in the new federal states is about 30% lower than in the old federal states. Since average cost pricing may cause an endogeneity problem, we apply instrumental-variable procedures in addition to single equation ordinary least squares, but find no evidence that prices are endogenous. Our estimation results suggest that the price elasticity of water demand in Germany is around − 0.24. The income elasticity is positive, decreases with higher income levels and is at least three times higher in the new federal states than in the old federal states. Current differences in prices and income levels explain about one third of the gap in residential water use between the two regions. Household size and the share of wells have a negative impact on per capita water demand, and water use increases with age. Finally, the findings provide some evidence that rainfall patterns rather than total rainfall affect water consumption, while temperature appears to have no impact at all. All outcomes are robust to a log-log and two types of semi-log specifications for the water demand function.     

我国非农产业对农村剩余劳动力就业的影响

随着我国经济增长,大量农村剩余劳动力已从传统的农业部门转移到非农部门。考察和研究非农产业对农村剩余劳动力就业的影响,对于制定相关产业政策、促进农村劳动力转移,具有重要意义。     

浅谈以就业为导向的高职教育

发展高职教育,培养适应社会需要的应用型人才,必须以就业为导向。必须明确高等职业教育的发展定位,突出职业性特征;必须深化教育教学制度改革和人才培养模式改革,优化专业结构．增设社会急需专业,全面推进素质教育,提升学生的综合素质能力;必须加强就业指导,转变学生的就业观念。     

基于Nerlove模型的中国不同区域玉米供给反应研究

针对我国玉米生产区域差异较大的特点,把全国分为三个玉米生产区域,构建了玉米单产和玉米种植面积供给反应模型,进而对我国玉米供给反应进行研究,并测算了我国玉米供给的面积弹性和单产弹性。研究结果表明,不论在长期弹性还是短期弹性方面,玉米种植面积弹性均优于玉米单产弹性。     

专利活动对生产要素产出弹性的影响差异——基于中国1985—2009年时间序列数据的实证

基于中国1985—2009年的时间序列数据,将能源作为一种生产要素引入D-S形式的总量生产函数,利用扩展了的内生增长模型,实证检验不同专利活动对能源及劳动产出弹性的影响差异。结果发现专利活动特别是发明专利对劳动力的产出弹性发挥了明显的促进作用,专利活动对我国能源产出弹性的整体贡献较小,专利活动对能源产出弹性的影响主要体现在实用新型专利上,发明专利和外观设计专利对能源产出弹性的提升没有发挥显著促进作用。     

旅游经济增长及其溢出效应的空间面板计量经济分析

文章首次基于空间面板计量经济学模型,在检验我国省域旅游经济增长是否存在空间依赖性的基础上,估计了资本和劳动对旅游经济增长的贡献,检验了旅游经济增长过程中的空间溢出效应。研究结果显示:2001~2009年间,中国省域旅游经济增长的空间依赖性和集群趋势加强,邻近省域的经济增长及旅游资本投入的空间溢出效应明显;资本和劳动的旅游产出弹性系数均为正,前者对旅游经济增长的贡献大于后者,我国省域尺度的旅游经济增长主要依赖于资本要素投入驱动,呈现出资本密集型特征,劳动力要素的贡献尚未充分发挥出来。政府在制定旅游产业政策和发展规划时,必须致力于加强邻近地区旅游资本和劳动投入的合作与交流,促进旅游经济增长中的资本空间溢出效应,改革旅游业国民收入初次分配及再次分配体制,激活邻近省域旅游劳动力投入与旅游经济增长的空间互动性,以便提高邻近地区及本地区劳动力对旅游经济增长的协同贡献。     

Impact of financial/economic crisis on demand for hotel rooms in Hong Kong

The main objectives of this study are (1) to identify the factors that influence the demand for hotel rooms in Hong Kong and (2) to generate quarterly forecasts of that demand to assess the impact of the ongoing financial/economic crisis. The demand for four types of hotel room from the residents of nine major origin countries is considered, and forecasts are generated from the first quarter of 2009 to the fourth quarter of 2015. Econometric approaches are employed to calculate the demand elasticities and their corresponding confidence intervals, which are then used to generate interval demand predictions. The empirical results reveal that the most important factors in determining the demand for hotel rooms in Hong Kong are the economic conditions (measured by income level) in the origin markets, the price of the hotel rooms and the ‘word of mouth’ effect. Demand for High Tariff A and Medium Tariff hotel rooms is estimated to have experienced negative annual growth in 2009 due to the influence of the financial/economic crisis, whereas that for High Tariff B hotel rooms is thought to have grown in 2009 after having decreased in 2008. The demand for tourist guesthouse rooms is expected to be the least affected by the crisis. Overall demand is predicted to recover gradually from 2010 onwards.