转型时期影响就业的因素和应对措施

中国是一个转型期发展中国家 ,随着经济结构调整和深化改革 ,就业问题日趋严峻 ,对我国经济、社会、政治等方方面面产生了巨大冲击。因而重点分析了转型时期影响劳动力就业的因素 ,并结合我国国情提出了应对措施     

Involuntary Unemplyment in Imperfectly Competitive General Equilibrium Models

This paper is about 'involuntary unemployment' in general equilibrium models with imperfect competition. It surveys papers written after the seminal work of d'Aspremont, Dos Santos Ferreira and Gérard‐Varet (1984). This unemployment is called involuntary because it exists at any wage. It results from imperfect competition in the product markets, more specifically from firms' excessive market power. These papers have focussed their attention on the conditions required for involuntary unemployment. In our presentation, we characterise this form of unemployment through three elements: consumers' preferences, price expectations and Ford effects. Each element is important because it influences the demand for the good and hence its price elasticity, the latter being central in the definition of firms' market power. JEL Classification. D43, E24.     

后工业化时代的就业变迁及其在中国的表征

世界经济正从工业时代向后工业时代过渡,并从就业的产业分配、职业分配等诸多方面对就业产生了深远影响。尽管在总体上中国仍处于工业化的中期后半阶段,但仍无法摆脱作为后工业时代的一些特征,并受之影响和制约。为此,从就业总体态势、分产业就业、分行业就业、正规与非正规就业、劳动者技能和知识结构等方面对中国就业状况进行动态描述,并对其发展趋向作出综合判断。     

AN EMPIRICAL SURVEY OF RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND MODELLING

Abstract The increased reliance on demand‐side management policies as an urban water consumption management tool has stimulated considerable debate among economists, water utility managers, regulators, consumer interest groups and policymakers. In turn, this has fostered an increasing volume of literature aimed at providing best‐practice estimates of price and income elasticities, quantifying the impact of non‐price water restrictions and gauging the impact of non‐discretionary environmental factors affecting residential water demand. This paper provides a synoptic survey of empirical residential water demand analyses conducted in the last 25 years. Both model specification and estimation and the outcomes of the analyses are discussed.     

Innovation diffusion,employment and wage policy

Contrary to most writings in the field of evolutionary economics which have a strong microeconomic flavor, here amacroeconomic evolutionary model will be presented in order to deal with themacroeconomic employment effect of technical change where there is just one old and one new technology. Several authors who favour an evolutionary approach to the theory of technical change share an optimistic view with respect to the macroeconomic employment effect of technical change. In the paper we are dealing with the question of whether this optimistic view is a necessary result of an evolutionary approach to technical change or rather of some other characteristic of the models used. It is shown that the evolutionary approach to technical change is not inherently optimistic or pessimistic with respect to the employment effects. Rather it is the labour market behaviour that will decide, whether the employment effects of technical change are positive, negligible or even negative.     

Are institutional rigidities at the root of European unemployment?

The Netherlands experienced employment growth higher than thatin the US and achieved an unemployment rate of less than 3%,but Germany's unemployment rate remained at high levels. A widelyheld view regards a distorted incentive structure in welfarestates as the ‘root of the European unemployment problem’,but welfare state institutions in the Netherlands are more generousthan the German ones. Therefore, differences in the incentivestructures between the two economies cannot explain the differencesin employment success. The reasons for this seem instead tobe rooted in coordinated monetary, wage and fiscal policiesin the Netherlands while these are incompatible policies inGermany.     

Labor supply elasticity and social security reform

Previous literature on social security reform has used a variety of period utility functions and calibrated values for the intertemporal elasticity of substitution (IES) in labor. In this paper, we show that the effects of social security reforms on aggregate labor supply are invariant to plausible values of the IES, but the effect of such reforms on the profile of hours over the life-cycle is highly sensitive to the IES. We first establish these results analytically in a simple partial-equilibrium setting and then demonstrate their robustness in a general equilibrium model calibrated to match key U.S. macroeconomic indicators. We find that the aggregate effects are similar regardless of the wide range of the values of IES used in calibrated economies. However, social security reform leads to a large reallocation of hours worked over the life-cycle, from early years to later working years, and the size of this reallocation significantly increases with the IES.     

Models of Equal Employment Opportunity

ABSTRACT

Employees in an organization have the right to fair treatment in all matters of employment. While principles of democracy require equality among the citizens, there is also a need to provide equal employment opportunity (EEO) and to undo the effects of past discrimination in employment. This paper provides a three-nation comparison and analyzes the EEO provisions in United States, Nigeria, and India. It describes the main bases of discrimination and the efforts made by the three countries in redressing them. It explores the unresolved EEO issues in the three countries. The United States has a fairly comprehensive set of legislation to address the problems of discrimination. However, it lacks a national consensus on how to address the issue of past discrimination. Nigerian and Indian provisions for EEO address a relatively limited set of causes of discrimination only among their public sector of employment. These two countries are yet to develop a comprehensive set of legislation and enforcement mechanism to ensure EEO for all its citizens. Implications for other countries are discussed.     

从劳资关系看劳动就业——兼评《劳动合同法》

就业是民生之本,是社会稳定之要,因而也是各级政府工作的重中之重。然而我国就业形势不容乐观乃是不争的事实。要解决就业问题,根本的前提是立法导向当应明确劳资关系的本质是共生共存的关系,相生互利的关系,而非相反。无论是立法还是政府的任务应是扶持、保护用人单位生成壮大、健康发展,培育就业土壤,广开就业门路,把充分就业作为解决社会问题的优先目标,尽可能地为劳动者造就实现其劳动力商品价值的机会则是真正保护了全体劳动者的根本利益。     

固定资产投资对我国三大产业就业影响的变动分析

固定资产投资是社会扩大再生产的基本手段,能够直接和间接地带动就业。文章主要从固定资产投资的主要来源,即国家预算内资金、国内贷款、利用外资与自筹资金和其他这四种资金形式出发,应用典型相关分析法分析固定资产投资对我国三大产业就业的影响。得到自筹资金和其他对第三产业就业带动效应显著,国内贷款对第二产业带动效应显著。并在对计量结果进行分析后提出政策建议。