基于可交易排污许可证的中小企业环境规制工具分析

本文构建一个基于可交易排污许可证的环境规制政策工具分析模型,探究许可证价格的决定机制,分析许可证市场的短期均衡和长期均衡,探讨可交易排污许可对中小企业利润和产量的影响,并引入创新机制,考察加入补贴的环境规制工具对中小企业的影响。研究表明,初始免费可交易排污许可证+补贴(特别是差额补贴)的工具组合能够以较低的规制成本激发中小企业创新,而且在长期内,创新收益能够弥补规制成本。     

全球化背景下中国人才流失的环境因素——基于全球58国的比较分析

在经济全球化背景下,发展中国家人才流失问题突出。中国同样面临着这个问题的严峻考验。本文从考察人才流失的环境角度进行分析,建立了人才环境三级指标体系并计算出生活环境指数、工作环境指数和宏观环境指数。通过建立回归方程,我们发现人才流失和环境指数有很强的相关关系,说明改善人才环境能很好解决当前人才流失问题。文章最后根据我国实际情况,给出了相关的政策建议。     

省域环境技术效率空间视角分析

通过构建环境污染综合指数,本文首先采用SBM非期望产出模型测度了我国29个省（市）2000—2009年环境技术效率。在此基础上运用探索性空间数据分析,结果发现省域间环境技术效率存在显著的空间依赖性,其自相关性已不容忽视。通过进一步利用空间面板数据模型对其影响因素进行实证分析后的研究结果表明：一个地区的环境技术效率与其所处位置及周边环境密切相关,并且受到邻近省份结构性差异误差冲击,这体现为各省份在经济发展水平、FDI、对外开放度和治理投资额等空间影响因素的差异。经济发展水平、外商直接投资和对外开放度均显著提升了各省份环境技术效率,而产业结构、环境治理投资额与环境技术效率负相关,环境治理投资效果并不显著。     

企业隐性负债形成的动因及其战略思考

企业会计报表中的显性负债大部分是由于企业潜在的隐性负债聚集而生成的,是企业内外各种因素长期积淀的结果。如何化企业隐性负债为显性收益,须从企业战略高度去思考。本文在叙述企业隐性负债形成的时代背景的基础上分析企业负债形成的动因,并寻求其解决的途径。     

An experimental examination of target based conservation auctions

Conservation auctions are increasingly employed to increase the provision of Ecological Goods and Services (EG&S) for achieving environmental goals. Most applications of conservation auctions concern the efficient allocation of a fixed conservation budget. However an important and under-explored application of conservation auctions is in meeting environmental targets, either as part of regulatory compliance by industry or by governments in meeting specified policy objectives. This paper examines the ability of a conservation auction to meet an environmental target. We use experimental economics methods benchmarked to a wetlands restoration case study to examine bidder behavior and efficiency in both budget constrained and target constrained auctions when landowners with increasing marginal costs can offer increasing sized bundles of wetland acres. The target constrained auction is characterized by an all or nothing rule, where there is no payout if the target is not met. We find that rent seeking and average cost in the target constrained auction is less than in a budget constrained auction, but that efficiency eroded in repeated rounds suggesting learning effects as participants realize there is no budget cap. Even with learning effects the target based auction out-performs the budget based auction. Adding a reserve price to the target based auction significantly reduced rent seeking but also increased the probability that the target was not met. The results have important implications for auction design in real world settings.     

我国环境领域技术处于怎样的水平

针对我国环境科技发展现状与重大需求，结合理论梳理，构建了技术评价理论解释模型。在此基础上，采取专家调查方式，重点与美国、日本、德国等主要发达国家进行对比，对环境领域9个子领域技术发展趋势、技术水平和发展阶段进行了评价。结果表明，我国环境领域与国际先进水平的差距正在逐渐缩小，虽有部分技术领先，但大部分还处于跟踪前沿状态，而且原创性技术较少、产业化程度较低，环境科技支撑国家生态文明建设和持续和谐发展任重而道远。     

Corporate Ownership and Environmental Proactivity

The present paper advances knowledge of the drivers of firms' proactive environmental strategies. In particular, it explores the relationship between different corporate ownership structures and firms' green proactivity, in order to see whether some types of shareholder act as a stimulating driver for firms' proactive environmental behaviors. The study examines the explanatory power of corporate governance issues, such as a firm's ownership structure, as potential determinants of companies' environmental proactivity. Attention is focused on the European firms included into the Carbon Disclosure Project questionnaire 2012. The results show that ownership structure matters in firms' environmental proactivity. In particular, firms with a higher percentage of state ownership present superior green proactivity, while ownership concentration appears negatively related to proactive environmental strategy. The paper offers theoretical and practical implications. It focuses attention on a still underdeveloped research area, namely organizations and their relationship with the natural environment, including corporate ownership as a driver of a company's proactive environmental strategy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

“Been-heres vs. come-heres” and other identities and ideologies along the rural–urban interface: A comparative case study in Calaveras County,California

The rural–urban interface is the place of transition between that which we call “urban” and that which we call “rural.” The interface is situated between two places perceived to be different, but which are indelibly linked. Although the functional differences between “rural” and “urban” people (or those seen as “been-heres” versus “come-heres”) seem to be diminishing, differing perspectives and preferences persist along the rural–urban edge. Such differences influence the way that land users, decision makers, and the community manage the environment and react to landscape change. Using a comparative case study in Calaveras County, California, I examine the differences and similarities between “been-heres” and “come-heres” along several lines: basic demographic characteristics, political party affiliations and ideologies, and conceptions of private property rights, concluding that the dichotomy is false but instructive. The been-here/come-here divide, rather than being a definitive means for characterizing stakeholders or predicting their behavior or perspectives, serves as a heuristic for understanding the starting places of certain actors. Furthermore, this kind of analysis reveals not only where and how people and perspectives contrast but also the ways that they converge. Improving our understandings differing people and perspectives is especially important as decision-makers struggle to plan for and manage livable places and sustainable environments among groups with varying preferences which may sometimes conflict.     

Industrialization and environmental externalities in a Solow-type model

In this paper we examine the role played by environmental externalities in shaping the dynamics of an economy with two sectors (a farming sector and an industrial one), free inter-sectoral labor mobility and heterogeneous agents (workers/farmers and industrial entrepreneurs). We find that, in the presence of the environmental pressure of the economic activity of the industrial sector, the stability properties of the equilibria and their features in terms of environmental preservation, welfare outcomes and sectoral allocation of labor are sensitive to the level of carrying capacity. We show that an endogenous process of industrialization associated with a reduction in farmers/workers׳ welfare can emerge.     

Corporate Strategy and NAFTA When Environmental Regulations Are Barriers to Trade

SUMMARY

Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), domestic environmental regulations can have the ultimate impact of erecting entry barriers against foreign companies. These actions by domestic firms are part of a corporate “shelter”-seeking strategy. Five recent cases are analyzed out of twenty-four environmental disputes relevant to NAFTA.