Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature

During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called “new growth theory”). RID="*" ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker, April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback. Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged.     

我国基础研究资助体系的历史沿革及演变路径律分析

我国基础研究资助体系经历了初创与曲折发展期、改革与完善期及国家层面的全面推动期3个阶段,其资助模式亦由行政指令性的"大科学"资助向具有市场特征的项目式资助转变,在这一过程中我国基础研究资助体系在系统构成、管理模式、资助理念等方面都发生了很大的变化。我国基础研究资助体系的演变,体现出以下路径律:从资助理念层面讲,基础研究开始从"边缘资助带"转变为"核心资助区";从资助体系构成层面讲,基础研究执行主体从开始的"中科院一元主导"转变为"多元主体共存与博弈";从资助模式层面讲,我国基础研究活动向日益具有"市场性"特征的项目式资助模式转变;从管理层面讲,国家开始关注自由探索式基础研究活动,体现出从"统治"模式到"治理"模式的转变。     

Panel LM unit root tests with level and trend shifts

This paper considers a Lagrange multiplier (LM) based panel unit root test that allows for heterogeneous structural breaks in both the intercepts and slopes of a series. We note that many popular time series variables are likely to exhibit changing means and/or trends over time. Given that the usual tests will depend on the nuisance parameters indicating the locations of the trend breaks, we adopt a transformation procedure that makes our new panel unit root tests invariant to the nuisance parameters. To illustrate the importance of the power gain provided by our test, we examine the convergence hypothesis using relative ratios of per capita health care expenditures in 20 OECD countries. Our results provide evidence that the convergence hypothesis is supported.     

科技型小微企业创新生态系统网络治理研究

建立一个完整、高效的创新生态系统是破解科技型小微企业创新困境、提高创新效率,以及助力新旧动能转换的有效途径。基于生态系统理论和演化动力学模型,构建科技型小微企业创新生态系统网络框架和网络联结模式,利用竞争、互利共生和捕食关系演化模型,分析演化模型的均衡点及其稳定条件。结果发现,创新生态位重叠程度决定了竞争激烈程度,系统演化均衡条件是主体间分工程度高,且嵌入适度。最后,从价值主体和机构主体两个方面〖JP〗提出推进科技型小微企业创新生态系统不断进化的治理策略。     

中国生态城建设的现状特征与发展态势——中国百个生态城调查分析

我国近些年生态城建设呈现出数量多、规模大、发展速度快的特征,目前全国已出现一百多个大小不等的新建生态城项目。但这些生态城是否都是真正意义上的生态城受到学者和公众的质疑,因此迫切需要全面了解当前我国生态城建设的基本情况和特点,总结其发展态势。本研究针对我国生态城市建设实践,分析其类型、分布特征、产业特征和存在的问题,以期为制定生态城市发展政策提供依据。     

基于产业集群的城市群演化理论分析与研究框架构建

首先介绍了城市群、产业集群和演化的相关理论,从制度、动力、过程和模型3方面对城市群和产业集群的演化进行了回顾和分析,探讨了目前对城市群和产业集群演化的研究存在的问题,最后提出了未来基于产业集群的城市群演化的重点研究内容、逻辑框架和研究目标。     

协同知识管理研究进展

近年来,协同知识管理是一个新的、值得关注的研究方向,为了加深对协同知识管理的梳理和便于今后对其进行深入研究,在试图对国内外协同知识管理相关研究作比较全面分析的基础上,对协同知识管理未来的发展趋势作了进一步的探讨,指出需要在隐显性知识协同管理模式、协同知识创新资源体系、知识管理的协同效应、知识融合与协同决策等方面作深入研究。     

北京市产业空间布局演变特征

《北京城市总体规划(2004年—2020年)》自2004年实施以来,尤其是在2008年奥运会之前,北京市积极推动产业优化与转型,2004—2008年是北京市产业转型与产业布局变化较大的时期。利用GIS空间自相关分析方法,以北京市各街道及各镇为空间单元,分析了北京市2004—2008年的就业密度空间特征,研究揭示了近几年北京市的产业空间布局演变特征。研究结果表明,北京市总就业密度的空间特征为单中心扩展,中心城的吸引力仍然十分巨大,南北空间分异明显;从各产业的就业密度演变特征看,北京市制造业向郊区扩展的趋势明显,服务业在中心城更加集聚。最后,提出了北京市产业空间重组的演化趋势与调控路径。     

我国经济与物价的中长期发展前景

在国内宏观调控政策保持相对稳定、美欧日经济平稳增长的情况下,2011年我国经济增速将回调到9.7%左右,2012～2015年将保持10%左右的较快增长状态。2011年和2012年我国通货膨胀压力较大,CPI涨幅将超过5%。2012年以后食品价格和CPI涨幅趋于下降,但非食品价格仍将保持较快上涨态势,内在通胀压力依然存在。可通过适度控制交易性货币供给增速和工资上涨幅度、加大人民币升值幅度等措施缓解物价上涨压力,但需要处理好抑制物价上涨和稳定经济增长的关系。     

基于遥感和GIS的长春市城乡建设用地发展演变

本文采用1968年、2002年和2010年不同历史阶段的遥感影像数据,借助于ArcGIS软件,对长春市建成区及其周边城乡建设用地规模与形态的发展演变过程、特征及其原因进行研究,结果表明:长春市城乡建设用地由快速的、蔓延式的无序扩张向城市规划引导下的适度、有序扩张转变,城市规划对建设用地布局的引导作用增强.道路交通尤其是...