推进天保工程建设 构建林区和谐社会

本文针对2008年初我国南方出现的雪凝灾害对我县自然林区的破坏,现就如何继续推进天保工程建设,弥补我县林区损失,构建林区和谐社会作如下探讨。     

谈伊春实施天然林保护工程的意义

森林不仅为人类提供资源,而且还具有涵养水源、保持水土、防风固沙等多种作用,给人们提供了一个优美、安逸的生活环境。然而,随着人类贪婪的破坏,森林以惊人的速度减少,已严重危及人类的生存环境,同时也制约了经济的发展。     

林权改革过程中的林农信贷约束及其对策研究

本文首次将显性和隐性约束纳入林农信贷约束模型中,分析得出信息不对称是造成林农信贷约束的主因,而提高林农违约成本是解决信贷供求双方信息缺口最直接有效的方式.本文通过科学设置问卷的方式识别出约56％的林农有效信贷需求受到约束（包括显性和隐性约束）,正是因为林权配套改革不彻底,加之我国林业经济小而分散的特征以及信贷供给方的垄断因素等加重了信息不对称程度,导致林农信贷约束难以解除.     

呼兰河和汤旺河流域森林涵养水源和减沙效益的评价

利用已建立的森林和年径流量、年输沙量的多元回归模型，计算了黑龙江省呼兰河和汤旺河流域森林对年径流量及年输沙量的影响大小，并根据等效益物替代原理，以贷币形式计算森林涵养水源和减少泥沙效益。结果表明，呼兰河流域森林涵养水源和减沙效益值分别为１０．１百万和０．２百万元，而汤旺河则分别为３５．５百万元和１．３百万元，二项合计，则呼兰河流域和汤旺河流域分别为１０．３百万元和３６．８百万元，这为建立森林补偿机制，提高森林生态经济效益提供了科学依据。     

A science-driven market-based instrument for determining the cost of environmental services: A comparison of two catchments in Australia

An auction-based approach (or MBI for “market-based instrument”) was used to purchase environmental services from landowners and to establish a long-term economic resource (forest plantations) in two catchments in the state of Victoria (Australia). The policy goal of the MBI was to encourage the conversion of cleared land to forest plantations. It was desired to achieve this while also reducing the amount of land affected by dryland salinity with minimum impact on water available for irrigation. Operationally, interested landowners identified areas on which they would be willing to establish forest plantations, and stated the amount of money they would require from the government to undertake plantation establishment; this constituted a landowner bid. The proposed planting area associated with each bid was processed through a quantitative hydrological model to estimate off-site impacts on dryland salinity and the change in water yield resulting from the conversion of individual non-forested areas to forest plantations. Landowner bids were then accepted or not based on the economic trade-offs among dollars requested by a landowner, reduction in water yield, and decrease in dryland salinity. To enable a comparison of costs, the MBI was independently trialled in two catchments. For both, the cost to government of a hectare of plantation and/or a hectare of salinity benefit was calculated a number of ways. Assuming the existence of a calibrated hydrological model, costs associated with distributing money via such an MBI were publicity, fieldwork, processing the bids through the model, probity, legal, and administration. In the Gippsland catchment, the total cost to establish forest plantations was $5340 per ha whereas it was $1635 per ha in the Corangamite catchment. No salinity benefit was obtained in Gippsland, but in Corangamite, if considered in isolation of the economic forest plantation benefit, the cost per hectare of salinity benefit was $5020.Operational aspects of the MBI are presented and discussed and a comparison is made to the expected costs of a conventional, non-science driven approach to landowner incentives.     

浅论太白山森林公园的生态旅游开发

太白山国家森林公园自然地理环境独特,旅游资源丰富多样,旅游业初具规模,已成为陕西西线旅游中一处集观光、疗养、休闲、娱乐以及教学、科学考察为一体的旅游胜地。文章分析了太白山国家森林公园生态旅游开发的条件和优势,以及存在的问题,提出了生态旅游可持续发展的对策与建议。     

The optimal harvesting problem with a land market: a characterization of the asymptotic convergence

We study the asymptotic behavior of the optimal harvesting policies for a multiple species forest with a land market, i.e., any fraction of the land can be traded at any time stage. We prove the existence of sustainable states and we discuss the conditions under which any optimal trajectory converges in the long run towards one of these states or towards the set of optimal periodic cycles. We also discuss briefly a more general problem that includes costs of converting land between the different species.      

Multiple-use forestry as a boundary object: From a shared ideal to multiple realities

Today, multiple-use (or multifunctional) forestry is one of the main concepts guiding European forestry. While there is wide acceptance of the overall concept, here is a lack of coherence in definitions, policies and practices. Such outcomes indicate that multiple-use forestry (MUF) may contain the essential properties of a “boundary object”, i.e. something that is robust enough to conceptually unite different interests, but at the same time is flexible enough to encompass different practices in line with local needs and conditions. This study sets out to explore the conceptualization and implementation of MUF as a boundary object, examining the overall trends at an international level, and scrutinising the national specifics in three case countries: Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden. The review of international literature finds no consensus on what MUF is, beyond combining two or more forest functions or uses. The case countries show widely different approaches to conceptualizing and implementing MUF, not least in terms of spatial scales for integrating or segregating various functions. The analysis indicates that we should not expect instrumentation of MUF toward uniform guidelines to shape forestry practices throughout Europe. Rather it will continue to serve the profession as a boundary object that serves as a mediating concept between various interests while being inclusive of a wide set of forestry practices.     

Is Portugal’s forest transition going up in smoke?

The turnarounds from decrease to expansion in forest areas that took place during the last century have been examined through the lens of forest transition theory (FTT). Among temperate and Mediterranean European countries that have seen an expansion of forest cover, Portugal stands out as the only case in which this trend has recently been reverted. In this study, we explicitly map and document the forest transition (FT) in the country over the period 1907–2006, and investigate when and where forest transition happened de facto, and which were the land use transition pathways that resulted from the shrublands, agriculture, and forest interplay dynamics. After thematic and geometric harmonization of land cover maps from 1907, 1955, 1970, 1990, and 2006, a cluster analysis established four typologies, and a transition matrix was constructed to assess land cover dynamics. We found that up to 1955, FT occurred simultaneously with agricultural expansion, as shrubland areas diminished. Afterwards, with the retraction of agricultural area and the consequential decoupling of forest management from local actors, FT gained momentum and expanded up to the 1990s. While during the first half of the 20th century, forest expansion followed the “Scarcity” and “State Policy” pathways fostered by local socio-ecological feedback loops, throughout the second half of the century forest transition was driven by exogenous socio-economic forces, following “Economic Development” and “Globalization” pathways. We show how, despite these forces, FT can be derailed by endogenous factors such as wildfires, which limited and in some areas even reverted the afforestation process, initiating a deforestation phase. Since the necessary conditions for FT (technology shift, urbanization, agriculture retraction and public afforestation programs) were available in mainland Portugal, we advance the hypothesis that critical wildfire risk governance deficits may have been responsible for arresting FT. Considering the critical role of forests and other wooded areas in supporting climate change mitigation and sustainable development, our work provides useful evidence and insights for public decision makers on previously unaddressed dimensions of FTT.