中国式"荷兰病"影响中国财政收支格局的实证分析

中国式荷兰病来源于中国入世后外向型劳动力密集型产业的空前繁荣。本文从实证角度分析了中国式荷兰病通过体制惰性效应对中国财政收支体制与财政收支政策的诸多影响。研究发现,在中国整体财政能力增强和财政收支状况改善的同时,不仅我国外债结构、中央与地方财政关系明显恶化,而且社会财富加速向公共部门集中,国富民穷现象突出,经济增长方式转变受到较大制约。文章最后建议及时对个人、企业进行实质性减税,积极扩大政府公共服务范围及领域,增加环境保护、社会保障、医疗卫生、教育、科学技术以及农业的财政支出比重,进一步规范中央与地方政府的财政税收权利与义务,从而确保中国经济健康、稳定与可持续发展。     

关于公共支出与经济增长的国内外研究综述

公共支出与经济增长的关系一直以来为经济学家们所争论。持公共支出促进经济增长观点认为,政府公共支出在经济增长中发挥着重要作用,因为它为经济发展提供了大量的公共品和其他具有外部效应的公共福利或服务,从而鼓励和便利了私人投资,形成了一个较好的投资环境,促进了经济增长。而持反对意见的认为,公共支出往往是生产率较低的,为融通政府支出而形成的高税收又会对私人部门的消费和投资造成很大的负面影响,因此,必须缩减政府支出,才能保证经济增长。当然也有人持两者根本就没有关系的观点。     

Host-country policy – commitment or no-commitment: a theoretical analysis

This paper develops a model of foreign entry strategy and examines welfare of the host-country under two situations - (i) where host-country government commits to the tax policy, (ii) where host-country government does not commit to the tax policy. It turns out that under the non-committed government policy the foreign firm does not prefer to hold equity share in the domestic project. The host-country welfare, however, is more under the committed government policy than the non-committed government policy when the foreign firm has sufficiently higher bargaining power. The possibility of technology choice by the foreign firm reduces the range of bargaining power of the foreign firm over which the host-country welfare is more under the committed policy compared to the non-committed policy.     

德国制定《联邦政府航空战略》提升航空产业竞争力（下）

2013年1月,联邦德国政府审议通过的《联邦政府航空战略》在系统分析德国航空业的发展基础、需求、机遇和挑战等的基础上,明确了其航空业发展的总体目标和重点任务,提出了产政研学等各主体的任务分工,确立了政府加快产业发展的政策举措。德国未来航空体系要满足高效、安全、环保、竞争力强的交通体系要求,联邦政府支持其航空工业保持和提升国际优势地位。为此,联邦政府提出的重点任务包括引领高效、安全、环保的航空产业发展,提升飞机综合集成和制造能力,增强核心领域的实力等等;其具体措施有加强前沿基础研究,继续实施航空研究计划,强化多部门的协同支持,制定航空技术创新路线图,设立专门的贷款支持项目等等。     

The Reasons of Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas in China and its Policy Suggestions

This paper points out that one of the main reasons for income gap between urban and rural areas in china is difference of human capital reserve on education which are decided by Chinese government＇s urban area privileged policy and the current education system. This paper also compares the different human capital reserve in two area, and analyzes the under-qualified human capital reserve in rural areas is resulted by these following reasons： The shortage of public spending in compulsory education for several decades has contributed to low school attendance and the great illiteracy beyond urban areas; the inefficient educational system has caused peasants to lose interest in education; No support for adult education has closed the doors for adults to earn money in non-agricultural industries. Vocational schools cannot attract the huge number of potential customers since their curricula and skills are out of date. As policy suggestions, governments should invest enough money in compulsory rural education, and creating a pragmatic rural education system is also vital.     

高投资、宏观成本与经济增长的持续性

过去20多年,中国高投资—高增长的发展模式以宏观成本积累为代价。增长是中国今后相当长时期的主题,但是以高成本为代价的高投资—高增长发展模式的持续性如何?本文从理论上说明了中国高投资的政府激励机制及宏观成本边界和高成本增长的临界点;进而指出,在开放经济中,资本流动、外部需求和供给冲击构成高成本投资模式的现实约束,政府必须权衡粗放式高增长的宏观收益和成本,制定相应的政策来约束低效率的投资行为,实现全社会的福利优化。     

The long-run determinants of inequality: What can we learn from top income data?

This paper studies determinants of income inequality using a newly assembled panel of 16 countries over the entire twentieth century. We focus on three groups of income earners: the rich (P99–100), the upper middle class (P90–99), and the rest of the population (P0–90). The results show that periods of high economic growth disproportionately increases the top percentile income share at the expense of the rest of the top decile. Financial development is also pro-rich and the outbreak of banking crises is associated with reduced income shares of the rich. Trade openness has no clear distributional impact (if anything openness reduces top shares). Government spending, however, is negative for the upper middle class and positive for the nine lowest deciles but does not seem to affect the rich. Finally, tax progressivity reduces top income shares and when accounting for real dynamic effects the impact can be important over time.     

政府信息公开制度实施中存在的问题与对策研究

2008年5月31日正式实施的《政府信息公开条例》规定"各级行政机关应当在每年3月31日前公布本行政机关的政府信息公开工作年度报告"。通过对2008年5月31日至2009年3月31日期间政府信息公开情况进行分析,检视《政府信息公开条例》实施一年的主要问题,我们更深刻地体会到政府信息公开化是一个逐渐成长的过程,在这个过程中,政府信息公开的权利主体、公众和义务主体、政府需要相互积极影响。政府作为信息的掌握者,需要进一步转变理念,加强和完善信息公开的途径,健全和完备相关的法律制度和保障,从而为公民提供一个可以积极参与的有利环境。而公民也要积极参与政府的信息公开活动,意识到自己的权利并积极维护自己的权利。     

Income and substitution effects of fiscal policy on work effort

The focus of this paper is twofold. First, it examines the impact on work effort of changes in government purchases financed with lump‐sum taxes, in a neoclassical framework, with respect to four industrialised countries. Second, it reconsiders the expenditure–work effort relationship in a broader conceptual context that allows for distortionary taxation and a disaggregation of the income and substitution effects. Our findings are shown to cast doubt on the empirical plausibility of the prevailing (neoclassical and New Keynesian) models which seem to rely heavily on the lump‐sum tax notion, thus ignoring the substitution effects of distortionary taxation.     

应急管理中的政府责任及其边界

公共危机管理体系建设是政府保证公众基本生存和安全的制度创新。在界定危机和公共危机的基础上,审视主流公共经济学的相关分析,提出政府应急管理活动的目标和标准是保证公众生存和安全;认为政府介入应急管理活动的边界是与个人、企业以及其他组织相互交织,政府在公共危机处理中的责任是协调社会各系统的行为。