基于密切值改进TOPSIS的低碳经济评价研究

低碳经济是应对气候变化的必然选择,如何全面客观地评价一个国家或经济体低碳经济发展水平成为低碳经济研究中迫切需要解决的问题.本文充分考虑低碳经济发展规划和目标,采取修正的TOPSIS方法构建低碳经济评价模型.针对传统TOPSIS方法中存在两个不足:一是相对贴近度计算中将被评价对象到"正理想解"和到"负理想解"的距离直接相加,正向指标和负向指标直接相加是不合理的;二是传统的TOPSIS方法忽略了被评价对象与"正理想解"和"负理想解"的距离的权重分配问题.本文提出利用密切值法对传统TOPSIS方法进行修正,解决到正负理想解两个距离的组合问题.首先,通过密切值的引入将被评价对象到"正理想解"和"负理想解"的距离转化为同向指标,保证了两个距离可以进行运算;然后,对两个距离进行归一化,保证两个距离在相同的数量级上,保证备选方案到正理想解的距离和到负理想解的距离起相当的作用,再根据决策者的偏好,对两个归一化的距离进行权重分配,保证两个距离分配的权重确实体现了决策者的意愿;最后,通过对秦皇岛市的低碳经济评价验证修正TOPSIS评价模型在低碳经济评价下的可行性和有效性,解决了评价指标有目标约束下的低碳经济评价问题.     

CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS: EVIDENCE FROM CHILE

This paper analyzes the impact of two anti‐crime programs adopted in Chile in the late 1990s. The first (the so‐called Quadrant Plan) is aimed at enhancing the quality of police work and the second (the Secure County Plan), at encouraging the involvement of the community in designing specific projects aimed at reducing the crime rate. It is found that only the Quadrant Plan has been successful in terms of reducing crime rates and has caused an impact through the effect of arrests in deterring crime. The Secure County program does not appear to have had any incidence on crime rates. It is also found that crime is associated with unemployment and that there is persistence in crime rates.     

资产专用性是否抑制了企业数字化转型？——基于中国制造业上市公司的经验证据

以2011—2020年2091家制造业上市公司为样本，探析资产专用性对企业数字化转型的影响及作用机制。研究发现：第一，从企业是否进行数字化转型以及数字化转型程度两个层面来看，资产专用性会制约企业的数字化转型；第二，经营风险与可用资源数量在资产专用性对企业数字化转型的影响中发挥着中介作用，具体表现为资产专用性通过提高企业经营风险、减少企业通用性可用资源，进而抑制了数字化转型；第三，进一步分析结果表明，数字化转型能够显著提升企业的全要素生产率，但资产专用性越高的企业，数字化转型对企业全要素生产率的提升效果越差。研究结论对进一步推进制造业企业数字化转型、提升数字化转型成效具有一定的理论和现实指导意义。     

双元创新对企业价值的影响：领导者调节焦点的调节作用

随着中国经济进入增长动力转换攻关期，双元创新成为中国企业高质量发展的重要抓手。基于双元创新理论和调节焦点理论，以2007—2018年香港交易所中资上市公司为样本，采用文本分析法构建领导者调节焦点与企业双元创新指标，实证分析双元创新对企业价值的影响，以及领导者调节焦点对二者关系的调节效应。结果发现：①企业探索式和利用式创新均对企业价值具有正向促进作用；②领导者促进焦点会削弱探索式和利用式创新对企业价值的正向影响；③领导者防御焦点可以强化探索式创新对企业价值的促进作用，但会弱化利用式创新对企业价值的促进作用。结论丰富了双元创新对企业价值影响的研究，可为提高领导效率，优化企业双元创新实施效果，进而驱动经济高质量发展提供经验证据和启示。     

Unleashing the potential of online learning in Spain: An econometric analysis

Online learning and training continue gaining momentum worldwide resulting in the reduction of the traditional form of face-to-face education with its temporal and spatial limitations. Online education improves access to education and training, as witnessed during the Covid-19 pandemic. This article focuses on online education adoption in Spain. A representative survey on ICT use in households conducted annually by the Spanish National Institute of Statistics is used to construct a panel database for the years 2008–2020. The first objective is to provide an econometric model for adopting online education using this panel data. Next is to measure the effects of relevant observable individual socioeconomic variables on adoption. A Heckman selection model allows for estimating the impact of gender, age, education, digital skills, habitat, and income. The article also measures the effects of Covid-19 in 2020 on different population groups. The drivers and impediments have the expected signs and plausible sizes. The paper concludes with policy recommendations and suggestions for further research.     

Ecotourism branding in protected areas of Iran: Using an efficient hybrid multi-criteria decision-making method model

Ecotourism, as a nature-based sustainable tourism, raises awareness about the protection of natural and cultural landscape values. This study aims to determine the ecotourism criteria to develop strategies for a sustainable ecotourism branding in Golestan, located in the northeast of Iran. To reach this aim, Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis, multi-criteria decision-making methods consisting of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Best and Worst Method (BWM) were integrated. The most appropriate ecotourism strategies for the branding of the study area were ranked according to their priorities. The results of this study reveal that among the 5 main and 20 sub ecotourism criteria, “having natural protected areas,” which is an opportunity, and “having ecological values,” which is a strength, were determined as the highest priority strategies for ecotourism branding. The methods and results of this quantitative-based research present an exemplary hybrid model that prioritizes the strategies required for branding ecotourism in similar protected areas.     

遵从科创规律：再谈科创成果与年龄的关系

本文回顾了“成果-年龄”研究的历史和逻辑，系统梳理了相关研究，讨论了该理论模型存在的问题和下一步发展方向。认为“成果-年龄”理论模型在宏观和中观层次上具有一定同构性，可以借鉴“介尺度”思想方法，将威布尔分布统计规律在微观层次尝试。建议要遵从科创规律，保障科创群体工作时间和专注力，在最适合出成果的年龄专心搞研究。     

工业互联网对企业数字创新的影响——基于倾向得分匹配的双重差分验证

在信息技术与产业融合发展的数字化时代，如何通过数字化技术实现转型升级及价值创造是企业创新发展面临的现实问题。工业互联网作为优化资源配置、强化产业协作配套对接的重要载体，为实现企业数字创新提供了可行路径。基于2013—2019年中国制造业A股上市公司数据，运用倾向得分匹配—双重差分方法，实证检验工业互联网对企业数字创新的影响。结果发现，工业互联网能够显著促进企业数字创新，但其对于创新投入端的影响大于创新产出端。进一步异质性检验分析发现，相对于国有企业，工业互联网对民营企业的影响更显著；相对于低市场化水平城市的企业，工业互联网对高市场化水平城市企业的影响更显著。研究结论可为国家完善工业互联网平台建设，充分发挥其对企业数字创新的促进作用提供经验证据。     

我国粮食主产区农业高质量发展的区域差异及收敛性分析

全面认识粮食主产区农业高质量发展差异的空间特性，为推动粮食主产区农业高质量的协调发展提供有益启示。本文从新发展理念出发，构建农业高质量发展综合评价指标体系，运用加入时间变量的熵值法测度2003-2018年我国粮食主产区农业高质量发展水平，利用Dagum基尼系数揭示其发展的区域差异大小及其来源，并采用多种收敛方法考察其收敛性特征。结果显示：粮食主产区农业高质量发展水平较低，在波动中呈总体上升趋势；粮食主产区农业高质量发展存在显著的区域差异，其差异在波动中呈总体下降趋势，区域内差异与区域间差异交替成为区域差异的主要来源；粮食主产区农业高质量发展具备典型的收敛和收敛特征，分区域和分时期的收敛性具有明显的异质性特征。因此为提升农业高质量发展水平和缩小区域差距，需要进一步深化农业供给侧结构性改革，积极发展农业新业态和新模式，并通过“追赶效应”和“以高带低”拉动机制，推动粮食主产区农业高质量发展的跨区域协同提升。