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11.
Two of the main forces driving European emigration in the late nineteenth century were real wage gaps between sending and receiving regions and demographic booms in the low‐wage sending regions. Our new estimates of net migration for the countries of sub‐Saharan Africa show that exactly the same forces driving African across‐border migration are at work today. The results suggest that rapid growth in the cohort of potential young emigrants, population pressure on the resource base, and slow economic growth are likely to intensify the pressure for migration out of Africa and into high‐wage OECD countries over the next two decades. 相似文献
12.
Historically, there is clear evidence of an inverse relationship between female labour supply and fertility. However, the relationship across countries is now positive. Countries like Germany and Italy, with the lowest fertility, also have the lowest female participation rates. This paper analyses the extent to which this can be explained by public policy, in particular taxation and the system of child support. The results suggest that countries which have individual rather than joint taxation, and which support families through child care facilities rather than child payments, are likely to have both higher female labour supply and higher fertility. 相似文献
13.
We argue that firms with interdependent worker productivity, team production, have a higher cost of absence and, as a consequence, spend additional resources on monitoring absence. As a result, firms with team production should have lower absence rates. We estimate the determinants of absence for blue‐collar workers using a sample of German manufacturing establishments. Workplace teams are used as a proxy for team production. The estimates reveal that firms with teams have lower absence rates, as do smaller establishments. The size effect, however, is unique to establishments with teams, which fits prior theoretical work that has not been previously tested. 相似文献
14.
Hans Gersbach 《Review of Economic Design》2002,7(1):45-56
Abstract. Many governmental programs are effective only if firms make costly investments. The inability of authorities to precommit
to a regulatory scheme creates incentives for firms not to invest and to hold-up the regulator. This paper describes a simple
subsidy/tax scheme embedded in a four-stage mechanism that solves the hold-up problem. We design a self-financing subsidy/tax
scheme which benefits a complying firm at the expense of a non-complying firm. In order to be credible, the subsidy
and tax rates must maximize social welfare for any combination of investment decisions. We show that there exists a unique
subgame perfect equilibrium in which all firms invest and no actual implementation with subsidies and taxes is required. We
discuss in which cases the mechanism can work under incomplete information.
Received: 30 December 1998 / Accepted: 12 October 2001 相似文献
15.
Martín Gonzalez-Eiras 《Journal of Monetary Economics》2008,55(2):197-218
We analyze the effect of the projected demographic transition on the political support for social security, and equilibrium outcomes. Embedding a probabilistic-voting setup of electoral competition in the standard OLG model with capital accumulation, we find that intergenerational transfers arise in the absence of altruism, commitment, or trigger strategies. Closed-form solutions predict population ageing to lead to higher social security tax rates, a rising share of pensions in GDP, but eventually lower social security benefits per retiree. The response of equilibrium tax rates to demographic shocks reduces old-age consumption risk. Calibrated to match features of the U.S. economy, the model suggests that, in response to the projected demographic transition, social security tax rates will gradually increase to 16%. Other policies that distort labor supply will become less important; labor supply therefore will rise, in contrast with frequently voiced fears. 相似文献
16.
fiona tregenna 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2008,76(S2):S222-S238
There has been debate internationally and in South Africa about the extent to which a relative decline in manufacturing employment and rise in services employment can be accounted for by intersectoral outsourcing of jobs in the domestic economy. This article develops a new methodology for testing for and quantifying outsourcing at an economy-wide level. This methodology is used to analyse intersectoral shifts in employment in South Africa between 1997 and 2005. Trends in employment in the business services subsector of services are also examined for what they suggest about the extent of outsourcing. Overall, the results suggest that intersectoral outsourcing accounts for some but by no means all of the apparent shift in employment between the manufacturing and services sectors in South Africa. 相似文献
17.
Panu Poutvaara 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》2008,110(3):591-608
This paper investigates public and private choices between internationally applicable and country‐specific education when graduates are mobile. Human capital depends on innate skills and study effort with either type of education. It is shown that national governments provide too few students with internationally applicable education, and too many with country‐specific education. This effect is mitigated, but not entirely eliminated, by the introduction of a graduate tax, according to which graduates are required to pay part of their taxes to the country where they received their education, regardless of residence. However, private educational choices are socially optimal with suitably differentiated tuition fees. 相似文献
18.
james heintz dorrit posel 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2008,76(1):26-44
This study revisits the definition of informal employment, and it investigates the puzzle of high open unemployment co‐existing with relatively limited informal employment in South Africa. We estimate earnings equations using data from the September 2004 Labour Force Survey and present evidence of persistent earnings differentials not only between formal and informal employment, but also between types of informal employment. These persistent earnings differentials are suggestive of complex segmentation in the South African labour market and challenge the presentation of informal employment as an undifferentiated residual with no barriers to entry or mobility. 相似文献
19.
Erich Gundlach 《Review of World Economics》1994,130(2):350-374
Accounting for the Stock of Human Capital: Selected Evidence and Potential Implications. — Given the observed distribution
of output and labor across countries, most capital flows should be from rich to poor countries. As is shown for a limited
sample of countries, accounting for differences in the stock of human capital substantially reduces the implicit cross-country
rate of return differentials. Additionally, accounting for human capital externalities based on independent empirical evidence,
turns around the predicted rate of return differentials in favor of rich countries. Hence, the world economy may converge
to a rather unequal distribution of incomes as long as human capital accumulation is neglected as the key variable limiting
economic development. 相似文献
20.
Ambiguity aversion and the absence of wage indexation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper analyzes optimal wage contracting assuming agents are not subjective expected utility maximizers but are, instead, ambiguity (or uncertainty) averse decision makers who maximize Choquet expected utility. We show that such agents will choose not to include any indexation coverage in their wage contracts even when inflation is uncertain, unless the perceived inflation uncertainty is high enough. Significantly, the exercise does not presume any exogenous costs (e.g., transactions costs) of including indexation links. 相似文献