To go or not to go: travel constraints and attractiveness of travel affecting outbound Chinese tourists to Japan

The fast growth of the Chinese economy has transformed Chinese outbound tourism into one of the major players in the tourism industry worldwide. However, Chinese outbound tourists may still encounter travel constraints in some countries, such as Japan, which has had a close and complicated relationship in history with China. This study adopted the qualitative approach by applying focus group and in-depth interviews to investigate and triangulate the travel barriers affecting Chinese outbound travel to Japan. The findings indicated that domestic nationalist sentiment played a key constraining role in influencing Chinese outbound travel decision-making, followed by current political factors, while quality products and service, as well as social environment encouraged tourists to travel. This research also found that visitors and non-visitors have perception differences in terms of travel barriers and attractiveness of travel.     

LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN THE LONG RUN: JAPAN, 1600–1909

This article examines long-term labour productivity change in Japan from the early seventeenth century to the nineteenth century. We constructed sectoral labour force estimates based on the methodology presented in a previous study, who provided a sectoral GDP series covering the Tokugawa period. Our results show the industrial structure in the Tokugawa period remained relatively stable in comparison with the economy after the Meiji Restoration. Nevertheless, the estimates of sectoral labour productivity suggest expansion of the market economy in Tokugawa Japan influenced the development of industrialisation after the Meiji Restoration.     

日本对外直接投资特征及其对中国的启示

我国对外直接投资起步晚但发展快,要想充分发挥后发优势,需要学习和借鉴先进国家的经验教训,做出具有前瞻性和预判性的战略部署。日本是亚洲对外直接投资最发达的经济体之一,其经验教训值得我们研究。本文回顾了日本对外直接投资的演化历程,归纳了日本对外直接投资的特点,提出了对我国对外直接投资具有现实意义的启发。     

Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan

This study examines determinants of expatriate cross-cultural adjustment related to non-work- (interaction and general living adjustment) and work- (work adjustment and job satisfaction) aspects in Japan. It was hypothesized that cultural distance and expatriate gender, language proficiency, type (organizational or self-initiated expatriates), and stable personality traits (social initiative, emotional stability, cultural empathy, flexibility, and open-mindedness) have an influence on both non-work- and work-related adjustment. Hierarchical regression analyses, performed on data from 110 expatriates, indicate that expatriate language proficiency, type, and the personality traits of emotional stability and cultural empathy have a positive influence on both types of adjustment. Implications of these findings for practice are discussed.     

Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: who adjusts better to work and life in Japan?

Expatriates are often presented in the cross-cultural adjustment literature as a homogeneous, broad population. However, recent research that makes a distinction between organizational expatriates (OEs), those who are dispatched by their home companies to international posts, and self-initiated expatriates (SIEs), those who themselves make the decision to live and work abroad, has identified differences between the two groups. The present study compares the cross-cultural adjustment of these two groups of expatriates. Survey results of 179 expatriates in Japan show that SIEs are better adjusted to general aspects of their host country and interactions with host-country nationals than OEs. Suggestions for practice are provided.     

目标与范式:日本农村社会保障制度之借鉴

我国在构建农业现代化服务体系和推行土地制度改革等方面都受到农村社会保障制度不健全的制约。为完善我国农村社会保障制度,本文首先分析了日本农村社保制度,认为其基本经验可以为我所用。日本农村社保制度在改革过程中,目标追求方面体现由生存权到发展权的转变;发展模式方面体现由财政主导到社会化、产业化经营的转变;法律保障方面体现由实体法、公法保障到程序法、公私法并重的转变;内容选择方面体现由社会救济到以社会保险为主的转变。结合我国国情,我国农村社保制度应确立公平优先原则和发展权优先目标,选择政府与市场互动模式,坚持政策与法律协调的制度保障。     

A Spatial Structural Decomposition Analysis of Chinese and Japanese Energy Demand: 1985–1990

This paper proposes a spatial structural decomposition analysis to measure the effects of the changes in intra- and inter-country linkages on the embodied energy demand in the concerned country. For the empirical analysis, we have used the China- Japan inter-country input–output tables for 1985 and 1990, expressed in constant prices of 1990. The empirical results reveal that (1) at least for the period between 1985 and 1990, the effects of the non-competitive input structural changes in China on the primary energy requirements of Japan were negligible, and (2) the contribution of the Japanese final demand shifts on the total change in Chinese primary energy demand was 40 times larger than that of the Chinese final demand shifts on the primary energy requirements of Japan. The Japanese policy makers should concentrate on the energy impacts of the changes in the domestic production structure rather than the changes in the Chinese production structure.     

论通货紧缩预警指标的选择 --以日本为例

上世纪90年代发生于日本的通货紧缩,对日本经济打击沉重,使日本经济陷入了长期的低迷状态。因此,研究怎样对通货紧缩进行预警不仅具有重要的理论意义,也具有重要的实际意义。本文利用日本1998～2002年的相关经济数据,分析了这次通货紧缩发生的一些先兆,旨在提出一套能对通货紧缩进行预警的指标体系。     

“中美国”的终结

在过去十年中,世界经济表现较好的原因是,形成了由中国出口导向型发展和美国过度消费相结合的经济模式。2007～2009年的金融危机可能标志着"中美国"时代的终结。本文将从经济史学者的视角研究这一时期的种种事态发展及其产生的深远影响。中国经济模式在1998～2007将近10年间,某些方面类似于西德和日本第二次世界大战之后的经济模式,即对美的贸易顺差在推动经济增长中发挥了主要作用。然而值得注意的是,中国与这两个国家的经济模式存在着两个关键性差异。首先,中国干预货币的规模是前所未有的,而这对世界经济造成的扭曲也是如此;其次,中国迄今为止仍抵制类似西德和日本升值货币的做法。从中可以推断出,当前的"中美国"形式不可能长久。在20世纪70年代,世界经济的重新平衡有赖于汇率的大幅度调整。但是,中国政府目前采取的汇率调整却无法平衡当前世界经济。