广西农村劳动力素质面临的问题及对策

广西是农业大省区,农村人口占绝大多数,这就决定了广西要实现全面建设小康社会的目标,必须把重点放在农村。广西作为我国经济发展相对滞后的地区,也是我国农村建设过程中面临问题最多最迫切需要解决的地区。本文就西部地区的广西的劳动力素质所面临的问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策,这对于实现全面的小康社会,构建和谐社会,建设社会主义新农村仍有着深远的现实意义。     

多层级视角下京津冀科技创新政策府际关系研究

府际关系协调有利于实现创新资源、要素的有效汇聚与整合,进而提升政策有效性。以京津冀为例,构建中央-地方多层级府际关系模型,分析中央政策主体合作网络特征与政策扩散特征、地方政策主体合作网络特征与政策执行特征的相关性。研究发现,中央政府部门间形成了以科技部为核心的核心—边缘网络结构特征;北京市政府部门间呈现出以中关村科技管理委员会为核心的核心-边缘网络结构特征;天津市政府部门间呈现出以天津市科学技术委员会为核心的星型网络结构特征;河北省则没有形成稳定的网络关系。中央政策主体合作网络中的度中心性与政策扩散广度具有相关性;地方政策主体合作网络中介中心性、度中心性与政策执行强度具有相关性。     

Resource saving and productivity enhancing impacts of crop management innovation packages in Ethiopia

Crop management innovations are often not discrete fixed stand‐alone options—and their adoption may imply various combinations and adaptations. This potentially confounds their impact assessment. This article assesses the resource saving and productivity enhancing impacts of a crop management package revolving around minimum tillage in maize‐based farming systems in northwest Ethiopia. An endogenous switching regression model was applied to plot‐ and household‐level survey data collected from 290 rural households operating 590 maize plots during the 2012 production year. Controlling for variations in plot and household characteristics, the average effect of minimum tillage package (minimum tillage package) on maize productivity is 0.44 t/ha. Compared to conventional practice (CP), adoption of the MTP decreased the average male and female labor use in maize production by 14.4 and 8.2 person‐days per ha, respectively. Similarly, MTP adoption decreased draft power use for land preparation by 13.2 pair of oxen‐days per ha. Compared to CP, in general, there is a considerable short‐run maize productivity gain and reduction in labor and draft power use under MTP.     

"双二元"就业制度中的农村劳动力转移——基于劳动力市场结构的政府作用分析

我国劳动力就业制度不仅呈现出"二元化"特征,而且更是"双二元"特征;劳动力市场供求结构失衡的长期存在是二元化特征形成的市场原因。市场机制不能自行调整,只有通过政府力量介入农村教育资源配置过程,引导私人资本进入农村教育市场,实现农村的人力资本禀赋积累增长,才能够从根本上消除我国劳动力市场配置体制中的"双二元"特征。最后,提出相应的应对措施建议。     

代理问题中的长期关系型契约——解决国有企业委托代理问题的新思考

现代企业的委托代理问题是目前我国国有企业面临的一个现实而棘手的问题,有大量相关文献论及国有企业的委托代理问题及其解决对策,但都忽视了我国国情的特殊性。本文提出了“长期全方位关系型契约”概念,试图从契约的设计、激励约束机制的长期契约安排角度,讨论国有企业委托代理问题,指出委托代理问题解决的关键是委托人与代理人长期综合利益的协调一致。     

资本深化、技术进步与全球化下的劳动报酬份额

劳动报酬在国民收入中所占份额,一定程度上决定了一国最终消费需求大小。本文在新古典分配模型基础上,讨论了资本深化、技术进步以及全球化对我国劳动报酬份额影响机制,并运用省际面板数据进行实证分析。结果显示,具有资本增强属性的技术进步和过快的资本深化,偏离了现阶段我国要素禀赋结构,显著地降低了我国劳动报酬份额,全球化对提高我国劳动所得影响不明显。最后,本文给出了相关政策建议。     

国际价值链分工模式下上海汽车产业升级路径研究

20世纪80年代以来,随着经济全球化的不断深入发展,国际分工也正经历着从产业间到产业内,再到产品内价值链分工不断深化的过程.这一新趋势不但拓宽了经济开放国家或地区的国际分工参与度,也使产业升级具有了有别于传统产业升级的新内涵和实现途径.本文通过对国际价值链分工模式下地方产业升级内涵的探讨,结合上海汽车产业在当代国际价值链分工中的地位分析,提出了促进上海汽车产业升级的路径选择和对策思路.     

Transition to market economics: Employment and informal activity in rural areas

According to the neo-liberal model, the high levels of unemployment and collapsing real wages of transition will reallocate labor to new activities. But whether and how households actually reallocate labor is the subject of growing debate. We use survey data from Bulgaria to develop a typology of rural households based on their labor allocation characteristics. We find a diversity of outcomes. A significant share of households experience no change in labor allocation, some shift labor to own commercial enterprises, but a significant minority are displaced from the emerging market economy. Potential for informal activity among these households appears limited. Of great concern is the regional concentration of such households.     

产业内贸易对劳动力市场调整的影响分析——基于中国制造业面板数据的SAH检验

随着中国经济全球化进程的深化,外贸对国内经济的影响日益显著。根据平滑调整假说(SAH),劳动力市场调整成本会随着产业内贸易水平的提高而降低。基于中国制造业22个细分行业面板数据进行检验,本文发现间隔3年的边际内产业指数最为有效,且产业内贸易水平对劳动力市场调整具有滞后效应,但回归分析结果并不支持SAH。随着产业内贸易比例扩大,劳动力的产业间调整增加,而并非产业内的调整。此外,劳动生产率和国内显性需求对劳动力市场调整有很大影响,在产业内贸易水平较高的行业内,劳动生产率的这种影响更加显著,而显性需求和产业内贸易水平影响作用较弱。     

Demystify the labor statistics in China

In contrast to the great changes from a planning economy to market economic system, the transition in statistics system is left behind. The problem is quite serious in labor statistics. The paper reviews how the current labor statistical system collects the data and its reliability. By analyzing relevant indicators, the paper points out that policy-making based on the current labor statistics may mislead the outcomes in the Chinese labor market. To improve the labor statistics, a deep and comprehensive reform in the statistical system is required.