Does population density matter in the process of matching heterogeneous job seekers and vacancies?

This paper studies the matching of job seekers and vacant jobs using data on local labour markets. We estimate differences in the ability of the local markets to form new matches and trace whether these differences can be explained by the differing population densities across markets or by the heterogeneity of job seekers measured by the distribution of their education level. We find that high-density areas are more efficient in forming matches than other areas despite frictions caused by the wider heterogeneity of job seekers in those areas than elsewhere.

城市住房价格指数编制方法的拓展设计及实证检验

科学监测城市房价走势,在当前环境下尤为重要。为拓展国际通行方法编制国内单一城市房价指数的适用性,引入样本匹配重复交易法构建房价指数,以提高样本容量与可比性。基于上海数据的实证结果表明,相较于传统重复交易法和特征价格法,样本匹配重复交易法能更准确地反映住房价格变动,结果异常波动性更小,噪声影响程度更低,在克服样本代表性误差和变量缺失误差方面效果更显著,对编制国内城市房价指数具有较好应用价值。     

Treatment effects in sample selection models and their nonparametric estimation

In a sample-selection model with the ‘selection’ variable Q$Q$ and the ‘outcome’ variable Y^∗$Y^{\ast }$, Y^∗$Y^{\ast }$ is observed only when Q=1$Q=1$. For a treatment D$D$ affecting both Q$Q$ and Y^∗$Y^{\ast }$, three effects are of interest: ‘participation  ’ (i.e., the selection) effect of D$D$ on Q$Q$, ‘visible performance  ’ (i.e., the observed outcome) effect of D$D$ on Y≡QY^∗$Y\equiv Q{Y}^{\ast }$, and ‘invisible performance  ’ (i.e., the latent outcome) effect of D$D$ on Y^∗$Y^{\ast }$. This paper shows the conditions under which the three effects are identified, respectively, by the three corresponding mean differences of Q$Q$, Y$Y$, and Y|Q=1$Y|Q=1$ (i.e., Y^∗|Q=1$Y^{\ast }|Q=1$) across the control (D=0$D=0$) and treatment (D=1$D=1$) groups. Our nonparametric estimators for those effects adopt a two-sample framework and have several advantages over the usual matching methods. First, there is no need to select the number of matched observations. Second, the asymptotic distribution is easily obtained. Third, over-sampling the control/treatment group is allowed. Fourth, there is a built-in mechanism that takes into account the ‘non-overlapping support problem’, which the usual matching deals with by choosing a ‘caliper’. Fifth, a sensitivity analysis to gauge the presence of unobserved confounders is available. A simulation study is conducted to compare the proposed methods with matching methods, and a real data illustration is provided.     

Cooperative behavior and the frequency of social interaction

We report results from an experiment that examines play in an indefinitely repeated, two-player Prisoner's Dilemma game. Each experimental session involves N subjects and a sequence of indefinitely repeated games. The main treatment consists of whether agents are matched in fixed pairings or matched randomly in each indefinitely repeated game. Within the random matching treatment, we elicit player's strategies and beliefs or vary the information that players have about their opponents. Contrary to a theoretical possibility suggested by Kandori [1992. Social norms and community enforcement. Rev. Econ. Stud. 59, 63–80], a cooperative norm does not emerge in the treatments where players are matched randomly. On the other hand, in the fixed pairings treatment, the evidence suggests that a cooperative norm does emerge as players gain more experience.     

不同融资约束背景下政府研发补助效应研究

运用倾向得分匹配法检验了政府研发补贴对企业自身研发投入的影响,以及不同融资约束背景下政府研发补贴诱导效应的差异。实证结果显示,政府研发补贴对企业自身研发投入具有诱导作用;在强融资约束背景下,政府研发投入补助能够更有效地刺激企业加大自身研发力度,诱导效应更强。     

Worker flows, job flows and unemployment in a matching model

Standard matching models of unemployment generate far too little volatility in unemployment and vacancies relative to the variation in the shock variables. Shimer (2005) showed that in US data the vacancy-to-unemployment ratio is about 26 times more volatile than the standard model predicts. He identified the flexibility of wages as the key issue and triggered a heated debate on possible improvements of the core model to accommodate these empirical facts. In this paper, we first document Shimer's facts for the UK and find them to be qualitatively similar to US facts. We then develop and calibrate a model based on the Mortensen and Pissarides approach that increases the volatility of the v/u ratio 20-fold compared to the standard framework. The key features of our model relate to the job creation decision by firms and the search options of workers. We allow these to search whilst employed, and firms to re-advertise jobs that have been quit from. This leads us to use a different job creation process, whereby potential vacancies, or job ‘ideas’, arise at a finite rate per period over a range of idiosyncratic productivities. Calibrating the model to UK data, we show that it delivers volatility in unemployment and vacancies much closer to, though still not as large as, that observed for the UK, whilst retaining the standard wage determination process.     

能力柔性与知识管理战略匹配对竞争优势的影响

能力柔性与知识管理战略相互影响形成匹配,对企业战略选择而言,匹配模式及其对竞争优势的影响至关重要。基于匹配及战略管理理论,构建知识管理战略与能力柔性匹配模式,运用独立样本T检验探究匹配对竞争优势的影响。研究发现,能力柔性与知识管理战略存在两种一致性匹配模式,即高能力柔性与积极知识管理战略匹配、低能力柔性与保守知识管理战略匹配。匹配对竞争优势产生积极影响,即高能力柔性与积极知识管理战略匹配能够增强企业灵活性、提升顾客优势、增强创新优势,而低能力柔性与保守知识管理战略匹配更有利于提升顾客优势及创新优势。     

人才头衔能否提升科技人才职业成就动机——来自我国一流大学建设高校的证据

职业成就动机是提升个体创新能力和促进创新行为的核心要素,由国家各类人才资助计划催生的人才头衔能否进一步激励科技人才创新备受关注。依据成就动机理论和综合激励理论,建立人才头衔、职业成就动机与创新成果产出关系理论模型,采用倾向得分匹配方法,对14所一流大学建设高校的抽样调查数据进行分析,验证人才头衔与职业成就动机的关系。研究发现,我国一流大学建设高校科技人才的成就动机普遍较高,人才头衔对科技人才成就取向、努力取向、专业充实取向和社会责任取向维度的职业成就动机具有显著提升作用。最后,提出完善国家人才资助计划体系、处理人才头衔与人才考核关系、发挥人才头衔对科技人才的正向激励作用等对策建议。     

政府规制对养殖户畜禽废弃物资源化处理的影响分析——基于多维认知的中介效应模型

目的 畜禽废弃物污染问题是实现我国畜禽养殖业可持续和绿色发展的突出障碍,引导养殖户参与畜禽废弃物资源化利用,对解决畜禽废弃物污染问题和推动产业绿色发展具有重要意义。方法 文章基于政府行为外部性视角,通过构建“反事实推断”倾向得分匹配,探究政府规制对养殖户畜禽废弃物资源化处理意愿和行为的影响,进一步依据社会认知理论,从多维度养殖户认知特征角度,运用Ologit模型分析其内在机理。结果 （1）性别、家庭年收入、养殖户收入占比、养殖数量、畜禽类型对养殖户感知的政府规制程度具有显著影响;（2）政府规制对养殖户畜禽废弃物资源化处理意愿和沼气发酵行为存在显著正向影响;（3）政府规制能够分别通过提升养殖户的处理方法认知和防治法规认知,进而提高其资源化处理意愿和沼气发酵行为选择概率。结论 为解决我国畜禽废弃物污染问题、实现畜禽废弃物资源化利用,应准确识别政府在引导或规范养殖户畜禽废弃物资源化利用方面的关键途径,计划实施更为有效的规制措施,注重养殖户对畜禽废弃物资源化处理的行为意愿和实际采纳,力求从少数养殖户的被动参与,转变为更多养殖户的主动响应。     

商业模式创新与技术创新匹配性对后发企业绩效的影响——来自年报文本分析的实证研究

以2014—2019年沪深A股成长期上市公司作为后发企业代表,借助Word2Vec的文本分析方法,基于公司年度财务数据度量后发企业商业模式创新水平,实证研究后发企业追赶过程中商业模式创新、技术创新以及二者匹配性与企业绩效间的作用机理。结果发现：商业模式创新对后发企业绩效具有显著正向影响;技术创新对后发企业绩效具有显著正向影响;商业模式创新和技术创新的平衡性与后发企业绩效正相关;商业模式创新和技术创新的组合性与后发企业绩效正相关。结果表明,对于后发企业而言,商业模式创新与技术创新为互补关系,而非互替关系,二者间的匹配性对后发企业绩效提升具有增强型交互作用。