大连建设东北亚重要国际航运中心对策探讨

从国际航运中心的概念入手,分析了大连东北亚重要国际航运中心建设的现状、优势条件及制约因素;明确了大连国际航运中心建设的功能定位、结构体系及发展目标;提出了加速大连东北亚重要国际航运中心建设的若干对策建议。     

Examining gender inequalities in land rights indicators in Asia

A broad consensus has emerged among both policymakers and researchers that strengthening women's property rights is crucial for reducing poverty and achieving equitable growth. Despite the important role of land in rural livelihoods and as a form of wealth in many Asian countries, surprisingly few nationally representative data exist on women's property rights in Asia.This paucity hinders the formulation and implementation of appropriate policies to reduce gender gaps in land rights. This article reviews the existing micro‐level, large sample data on men's and women's control of land, identifies what can and cannot be measured by these data, and uses these measures to assess the gaps in the land rights of women and men. Utilizing nationally representative individual‐ and plot‐level data from Bangladesh, Tajikistan, Vietnam, and Timor‐Leste, we calculate five indicators: incidence of landownership, distribution of landownership, distribution of plots owned, mean plot size, and distribution of land area, all by sex of owner. The results show large gender gaps in landownership across countries. However, the limited information on joint and individual ownership are among the most critical data gaps and thus are an important area for future data collection and analysis.     

Impacts and causes of land fragmentation, and lessons learned from land consolidation in South Asia

Landholdings and land parcels in South Asia are undergoing fragmentation, thereby accelerating the pace of their degradation and constraining agricultural development. Based on experiences gained in the region and elsewhere, this paper finds the fragmentation of small landholdings and tiny land parcels detrimental to land conservation and economic gain, thereby discouraging farmers from adoption of agricultural innovations. Primarily induced by the dependency of the major proportion of ever growing population on agriculture, the process of land fragmentation has been reinforced by the law of inheritance of paternal property, lack of progressive tax on inherited land, heterogeneous land quality and an underdeveloped land market. South Asian countries have had adopted policies and legal measures for facilitating land consolidation. However, desirable results were not achieved, as such interventions could not address structural causes of the problem. Broad policy and legal measures have been outlined for facilitating land consolidation in a sustainable way.     

The interpretive flexibility of oil and gas pipelines: Case studies from Southeast Asia and the Caspian Sea

Based on research interviews and field research, this article explores the “interpretive flexibility” of two large pipelines: the $4.6 billion Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline exporting petroleum from the Caspian Sea near Azerbaijan and then traversing parts of Georgia and Turkey; and parts of the $14.2 billion Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) Network connecting the gas reserves of Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand with each other and Singapore. Each pipeline is the product of differing interpretations and ideologies, meaning they have “interpretive flexibility” because their meaning is under constant interpretation. The article depicts four differing interpretive frames for each pipeline, revealing the views of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, government of Thailand, government of Myanmar, and state-owned energy Malaysian energy company Petronas for the TAGP, and the World Bank Group, British Petroleum, European Union, and the government of Azerbaijan for the BTC. The article finds that pipelines not only mark the physical landscape and distribute energy fuels, they also transfer what were once customary public resources into private hands, concentrate political power, facilitate human rights abuses and possible acts of genocide, become intertwined in national discourses of revitalization and strength, and validate distinct approaches to economic and social development.     

基于OCA理论的东亚货币一体化可行性研究

随着经济全球化和区域化的发展,域货币联盟已成为一种新的潮流。在欧元的成功运行以及近年国际金融危机的频繁发生,特别是1997年亚洲金融危机的爆发所带来的严重后果,唤起了东亚各国对东亚货币合作的极大关注。当前,国际金融领域风波迭起,现行的国际货币体系面临着前所未有的挑战,东亚区域货币合作势在必行。本文从最优货币区理论出发,对东亚货币一体化的可行性进行研究,并对此提出建议。从研究结果看,东亚目前尚不能完全满足最优货币区的标准,但共同利益原则将使东亚货币合作的趋势不可逆转。     

后金融危机与加工贸易——东亚、拉美的经验教训及对中国的启示

研究表明,物价水平和劳动力成本对加工贸易活动有着非常重要的影响。在20世纪60年代至80年代中期,东亚一些经济体由于保持了物价水平和工资水平的相对稳定,促进了加工贸易活动的良性发展;南美一些经济体则由于物价水平与工资水平之间的恶性循环而使其比较优势逐渐丧失,加上在后石油危机时期错误的财政政策导致的恶性通货膨胀,彻底葬送了其加工贸易活动。2008年美国发生的次贷危机使得中国的加工贸易出口大受影响。各国实施的财政刺激政策虽然使国际贸易回暖,但经济恢复的不确定性和债务问题引发的通货膨胀风险仍对加工贸易活动构成威胁。＂富士康事件＂说明,中国必须重视通货膨胀问题和劳动力成本上涨问题,力争将它们对加工贸易活动的负面影响降到最小。     

Agricultural policy reforms and food security in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan

This paper provides an overview of agricultural policy reforms and their impact on food security in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Owing to increasing hostility in regional trade among the countries of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, like their neighbors, have chosen to follow a path of food self-sufficiency, which has biased their agricultural systems towards grain production. The paper finds that the land reforms in these two countries, which have dismantled the state farms, have resulted in reduced productivity of crops and declining food availability at the household level. It argues that reversing this trend will require increased investment in rural infrastructure and agricultural research to improve crop yields, and in the short-term, food security interventions to protect the poor and vulnerable.     

Achieving food security in Central Asia — current challenges and policy research needs

This paper introduces the papers of this Special Issue on Achieving Food Security in Central Asia. Identifying the current challenges, it enlists the information gaps and policy research needs for accelerating the reform process in the food, agriculture and natural resource sectors of the Central Asian Republics. The paper concludes by calling for identifying policies and institutional arrangements that facilitate economic reforms that will lead to poverty reduction, increased food security, and sustainable use of natural resources.     

渝东北贫困地区深度扶贫“四方联动”模式研究

[目的]试图构建多主体参与的联动扶贫模式,为贫困地区打赢脱贫攻坚战寻求新的思路。[方法]采用文献分析、案例分析和实地调查法,回顾构建扶贫模式的相关反贫困理论,采集渝东北地区403户贫困家庭调研数据,分析脱贫攻坚面临的现实挑战。[结果]运用扶贫模式的相关理论原理,创新构建了一种新型的多主体参与的联动扶贫模式——"政校企村"四方主体联动扶贫模式,阐释了模式构建的必要性、可行性及原则,明确了渝东北深度贫困地区四方联动扶贫模式构建的思路和内涵。[结论]通过引入案例从产业扶贫、金融扶贫、教育扶贫、旅游扶贫4个方面分解四方联动扶贫模式的运作方式,实践表明该模式打破了以往贫困村、贫困户被动接受扶贫的格局,体现了多方主体在扶贫工作中的互动机理,实现扶贫主体与扶贫客体的精准对接,从而为渝东北深度贫困地区打赢脱贫攻坚战提供新的指导方略。     

大豆种植适宜性精细评价及种植合理性分析——以东北三省为例

该文建立了一套涵盖自然和经济影响因子的大豆适宜性评价指标体系,并以东北为例进行了适宜性的研究;指标体系中不但考虑了温度、降水和日照气候3个要素在不同生长期对于大豆种植适宜性的影响,还应用了基础设施、科技进步及农民意愿等社会经济因子评价大豆生长适宜性。在获取东北三省大豆适宜性等级图的基础上,将其与东北三省实际大豆种植区域进行对比,结果发现:(1)东北三省大豆种植适宜性属于中上水平,适宜区、中间等级区及非适宜区的面积分别为9.09万km2,11.45万kkm2和7.99万km2,约占东北全境面积的11.5%,14.49%和10.11%;(2)松嫩平原是最适合于大豆生长的区域,而三江平原由于日照等因素并非大豆种植的绝佳地带;(3)通过对比计算,适宜区、中间等级区及非适宜区与大豆实际种植区符合面积分别占大豆实际种植面积的24.78%,46.30%和28.92%,而黑龙江省为15.39%,51.70%,32.91%,说明黑龙江省大豆种植结构略欠合理。在研究结果基础上,建议农业及相关部门在保护农民切身利益的情况下适当调整大豆种植的空间结构。