OECD制裁避税地评述

OECD与避税地的是非之争已历时4年多， 国际社会也对此给予了广泛的观注。有关“有害税收竞争”的争论反映了不同利益集团的不同价值取向，其涉及的问题也远远超过“有害税收竞争”本身。     

Learning lessons: how to practice nudging around the world

Abstract

The aim of this article is to cover three things: (1) to introduce the context behind why a report prepared by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2017 would be of such importance to researchers in various academic disciplines and public policy, (2) to present the details of a simple classification system that was applied to all 111 case studies of behavioural interventions (better known as nudges) referred to in the OECD (2017a OECD. 2017a. Behavioural Insights and Public Policy Lessons from Around the World.1-408 pp. OeCD Publishing. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/behavioural-insights-and-public-policy_9789264270480-en. doi:10.1787/9789264270480-en.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) report, and (3) to discuss what needs to be done to help advance practitioners’ pursuit of effective behavioural interventions. This article aims to highlight the importance of accurately cataloguing the types of behavioural interventions that have been trialled/implemented across the world. By adopting an agreed classification system, researchers and practitioners can benefit from knowing what can work, and where it can work, as well as what does not work, in order to be better armed when considering the use of behavioural interventions to solve social policy issues.     

Identifying uncertainty shocks using world diffusion index

ABSTRACT

In this study, a world diffusion index is developed to measure how uncertainty shocks have diffused among 179 economies and caused contractions in the world growth cycles. This index is simply defined as the percentage share of the number of expanding countries. It identifies four uncertainty shocks: the oil crisis of 1973; the bursting of the information technology bubble in 2000; the credit crunch of 2007; and the European debt crisis of 2010. To overcome the problem of data unavailability in emerging market economies, the annual GDP values of 179 economies are transformed through temporal disaggregation, and the dating of quarterly growth cycles is implemented as per the OECD method. The empirical findings indicate that each of the uncertainty shocks caused severe contractions in the advanced economies but that the emerging market economies experienced such contractions only during the credit crunch of 2007. Policy implications are also discussed.     

The creation of effective states in the OECD since 1870: The role of inequality

Research shows that state capacity is crucial for economic development, yet the impact of inequality on state capacity is not well understood. This paper examines the impact of income inequality on three key dimensions of state capacity, namely legal, fiscal and collective capacity using annual data for a core of 21 OECD countries over the period 1870–2013. We find that the marked reduction in inequality over most of the last century starting from 1916 was pivotal to the significant improvements in legal, fiscal and collective capacity in the OECD countries over the same period.     

Impact of R&D and Technology Diffusion on Productivity Growth: Empirical Evidence for 10 OECD Countries

This paper examines the empirical evidence on the impact of performed R&D and of R&D embodied in intermediate and capital goods on productivity performance in 10 major OECD countries over the last two decades. To quantify intersectoral and international technology flows, industry-level embodied R&D variables were constructed from an input–output (IO) R&D embodiment model. The productivity variables used are discrete Divisia growth indexes of total factor productivity (TFP), which were estimated from an IO growth accounting model. The results from pooled regressions indicate that the rates of return of the R&D variables were positively significant and increasing in the 1980s. In particular, embodied R&D is an important source for TFP growth in services, indicating very high social returns of the flows of capital-embodied technology into this sector. Moreover, the information and communi-cation technology (ICT) cluster of industries played a major role in the generation and cquisition of new technologies at the international level.     

国际造法过程中的竞争中立规则——兼论中国的对策

自2011年美国副国务卿提出竞争中立概念后,美国及以其为首的TPP、OECD都将竞争中立规则的制定作为重要的议题推出。本文对竞争中立概念的起源、规则的内涵、在TPP谈判中的地位以及在OECD语境下的涵义进行了梳理。在分析了竞争中立规则的国际造法过程后,本文对中国政府在国际投资法的新一轮国际造法中的立场以及对竞争中立具体问题的对策做出若干分析。中国政府应当尽早参与谈判,掌握话语权和规则制定权,对国际投资法领域的新一轮国际规则制定占据主导和主动的地位。     

The interaction between tourism and FDI in real estate in OECD countries

The purpose of this article is to investigate the empirical link between foreign direct investment (FDI) in real estate sector (FDIRE) and international tourism (TOUR). Panel co-integration and panel Granger causality techniques are applied to analyse both long- and short-run relationships for the case study of selected OECD countries. Our empirical results show the existence of the long-run and a bi-directional causal relationship between FDIRE and TOUR. The results provide some implications for policy-makers.     

An evaluation of Chinese economic forecasts

This paper analyses the real GDP growth and inflation forecasts prepared by the International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the private forecasters between 1999 and 2010. The empirical results show that the long-term growth forecasts were inferior to a naïve model and were biased. The average of a number of short-term private forecasts dominated those made by the international organisations.     

Testing the Bhaduri–Marglin model with OECD panel data

The Bhaduri–Marglin model is a post-Kaleckian model that allows one to study the impact of a functional income distribution on the growth in demand. Over recent years, a number of empirical studies based on this model have aimed at determining whether a redistribution towards profits harms or fosters demand growth. The focus so far has been on a very limited number of countries. This paper is the first to test the Bhaduri–Marglin model with panel data. It finds that demand growth is reduced by a redistribution towards profits in the average OECD country. Productivity growth is also impaired.     

公共部门养老保险隐性债务:国际比较

大多数国家针对公共部门工作人员设有单独的养老保险。这些保险未来的财政负担可能相当繁重,因为政府通常是雇用工作人员最多的部门,公共部门的养老待遇相对来讲也更加丰厚,而未来养老金待遇需要直接从国家财政(现收现付制)或积累不足的养老基金(基金积累制)中支付。一些国家有关养老金水平的论证和信息不透明,可能隐含巨额财政债务,将会转移到后代人身上。为了让各国之间就公共部门养老保险财政负担进行公平比较,本文建议根据统一标准对非积累制养老保险的债务进行测评和报告,以提高财政透明度,帮助决策。文章从经济合作与发展组织选取了一些国家,按公允价值估计2008年底的净负债值。这种财政负担也可理解为养老金隐性债务。