巨灾保险:内涵、市场失灵、政府救济与现实选择

巨灾保险问题是一个全球性的问题,是保险业正在拓展的一个新领域,也是保险理论研究的一个新课题。深刻剖析巨灾风险的特殊内涵,明确指出目前巨灾保险存在的“市场失灵”问题,并提出政府干预是解决该问题的根本方法,从而为我国巨灾保险制度建立和完善提供现实选择。     

科学考察旅游市场分析与对策研究——以澜沧江下游地区为例

以澜沧江下游地区为例,立足旅游资源开发条件,着眼旅游业的发展机遇,通过典型抽样调查,结合国内外科学考察旅游的发展态势,系统分析了科学考察旅游市场的发展前景,确定了市场目标,并提出相应的发展对策。     

对马克思按分配原则的反思

马克思的劳动价值论不仅是剩余价值的理论基础和分析资本主义分配的理论依据，同时也是马克思设想的社会主义按劳分配的逻辑起点。只是以往我们对按劳分配原则的最本质的含义理解不够透彻。实质上，应该说马克思设想的按劳分配原则最本质的内容包括三点，即在未来的社会主义社会中，个人消费品的分配以劳动量的大小为依据，等量劳动获取等量报酬，承认能力本位。在社会主义市场经济条件下的按劳分配原则，仍然没有偏离这三点本质的含义，但已经有了新的特点和形式。     

Market Structure and Risk Taking in the Banking Industry

We demonstrate that the common view according to which an increase in competition leads banks to increased risk taking fails to hold in an environment where homogeneous loss averse consumers can choose in which bank to make a deposit based on their knowledge of the riskiness incorporated in the banks outstanding loan portfolios. With an exclusive focus on imperfect competition we find that banks incentives for risk taking are invariant to a change in the banking market structure from duopoly to monopoly. Finally, we show that deposit insurance would eliminate the gains from bank competition when banks use asset quality as a strategic instrument.revised version received October 15, 2003     

Domestic financial market frictions,unrestricted international capital flows,and crises in small open economies

Summary. We present an example of a small open economy where small increases in the world interest rate may induce a sharp decline in output and a precipitous depreciation of the exchange rate. Due to a costly state verification problem in domestic credit markets, combined with unrestricted international capital flows, our economy generates two long-run equilibria, one with low GDP and a relatively depreciated real exchange rate (RER), and one with high GDP and a relatively appreciated RER. The first is always a saddle, while the second may be a sink or a source, depending on the level of the world interest rate. A crisis is identified with the economy switching from an equilibrium path approaching the high-output steady state to the saddlepath approaching the low-output steady state. In Mexicos recent history, periods of growth associated with appreciation of the RER have alternated with periods of sharp contraction and depreciation of the RER. Our economy displays such behavior in response to changes in the world interest rate.Received: 9 April 2002, Revised: 20 March 2003JEL Classification Numbers: E5, F4.G. Antinolfi, E. Huybens: We thank Steve Fazzari, Tim Kehoe, Todd Keister, Manuel Santos, Karl Shell and especially Bruce Smith for very helpful discussions. Jaime Calleja Alderete, Eduardo Camero Godínez, and Juan Vargas Hernández provided excellent research assistance. All remaining errors are ours. Huybens was an assistant professor in the Centro de Investigación Económica, ITAM, at the time this article was written, and part of this work was completed while Antinolfi was a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The views expressed herein are those of the authors, and do not reflect those of the World Bank or the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Correspondence to: G. Antinolfi     

农民工市场失灵及其矫正

农民工短缺现象的出现至少在一定程度上说明了农民工市场失灵,难以依靠市场自身的力量调节供求关系。市场失灵不仅造成用工短缺,也使社会福利受损。农民工市场失灵,除了不完全竞争、信息不完全等一般因素外,还与该市场发育不成熟、制度安排不合理密不可分。近年来一系列有关农民工政策的出台,在一定程度上可使失灵的市场得到矫正。     

改善我国股市生态的理论思考

如果从理论源头上追溯的话,传统发展观是构成我国股市生态系统脆弱的根源.股市"物理环境"即制度安排存在的巨大缺陷,股市生态系统中"生产者"生产能力低下,"生产者"与"消费者"角色错位,股市生态系统中不同"消费者"之间数量关系的失衡,股市生态系统中"分解者"的缺失,造成了我国股市生态系统的不稳定.再造健康的股市生态,我们就必须正本清源,突破传统发展观的樊篱,用科学发展观的观点认识和解决股市中的各种问题和矛盾.     

基于中国股市微观结构的流动性与执行成本分析

运用市场微观结构理论来分析中国股市的交易制度、流动性和执行成本后发现:(1)在佣金和交易税相等的条件下,B股的知情交易者执行成本普遍大于A股,导致B股的流动性小于A股,买卖价差显著大于A股,表明投资者对B股交易要求较高的风险报酬;(2)一旦控制住执行成本中普通交易者对知情交易者所要求的风险补偿,A、B股买卖价差的区别就消失了。因此,证券管理部门应在B股市场引入做市商制度并在微观结构理论的指导下,加强交易监管系统,从而提高B股的流动性并降低其执行成本。     

Rise of the gold market in China: liberalisation and market development

The Chinese gold market is rapidly rising to global prominence in the recent decades. The paper reviews the history of the gold market in China and its liberalisation process amid the country’s opening to the outside world. Details of the current market structure and its main business are presented. Global impacts of the rise of the Chinese gold market are discussed.     

Situating the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in the context of global economic governance

The creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)was welcomed by the World Bank but opposed by the Obamaadministration. The paper explains China’s positive relationshipwith the Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) in terms of the mission of the Bank, sharedby the OECD, to develop and deepen the global economy. The AIIBand the related Belt and Road initiative promise to do this throughinvestment in infrastructure and connectivity in and around thepoorly integrated Eurasian landmass. But while the current Chineseleadership has supported an inclusive global economy based uponfree trade and supported by multilateral institutions, China’s controlof resources outside the multilateral framework and adherence topractices that challenge liberal principles prompt suspicions thatthese commitments are either disingenuous or anyway subjectto reversal. In itself, therefore, the AIIB provides no conclusiveevidence either way on China’s future course.