Network externalities and long-run market shares

We study a dynamic duopoly model with network externalities. The value of the product depends on the current and past network size. We compare the market outcome to a planner. With equal quality products, the market outcome may result in too little standardization (i.e. too many products active in the long run) but never too much. The potential inefficiency is non-monotonic in the strength of the network effect, being most likely for intermediate levels. When products differ in quality, an inferior product may dominate even when the planner would choose otherwise, but only if the discount factor is sufficiently large     

Price-Cost Margins and Profit Rates in New Zealand Electricity Distribution Networks Since 1994: the Cost of Light Handed Regulation

From 1994 to 2003, New Zealands corporatized electricity lines networks operated with no industry regulator, but under the spotlight of mandatory information disclosure. As a result there exists a large body of detailed, audited and publicly available accounting data on the financial performance of these businesses. Using that data, this paper finds that price-cost margins have widened substantially since deregulation. We estimate the extent to which light-handed regulation has allowed profits to exceed the levels which would have been acceptable under the old rate-of-return regulatory framework, and find that the answer is about $200 million per year, on an ongoing basis.We thank colleagues at Victoria University, and two anonymous referees for this journal, for constructive comments on this paper. Any remaining errors are entirely our responsibility.JEL classification: D21; K23; L11; L43; L51     

Two-settlement Systems for Electricity Markets under Network Uncertainty and Market Power

We analyze welfare and distributional properties of a two-settlement system consisting of a spot market over a two-node network and a single energy forward contract. We formulate and analyze several models which simulate joint dispatch of energy and transmission resources coordinated by a system operator. The spot market is subject to network uncertainty, which we model as a random capacity derating of an important transmission line. Using a duopoly model, we show that even for small probabilities of congestion (derating), forward trading may be substantially reduced, and the market power mitigating effect of forward markets (as shown in Allaz and Vila 1993) may be nullified to a great extent. There is a spot transmission charge reflecting transportation costs from location of generation to a designated hub whose price is the underlying for the forward contract. This alleviates some of the incentive problems associated with the forward market in which spot-market trading is residual. We find that the reduction in forward trading is due to the segregation of the markets in the constrained state, and the absence of natural incentives for generators to commit to more aggressive behavior in the spot market (the strategic substitutes effect). In our analysis, we find that the standard assumption of no-arbitrage across forward and spot markets leads to very little contract coverage, even for the case with no congestion. We present an alternative view of the market where limited intertemporal arbitrage enables temporal price discrimination by competing duopolists. In this framework, we assume that all of the demand shows up in the forward market (or that the market is cleared against an accurate forecast of the demand), and the forward price is determined using a market clearing condition.     

供应链竞争环境分析模型

本文将扩展后的波特模型用于分析供应链上几个连续环节组成的整体的竞争环境以及环节间的整合趋势。并采用新的模型分析了实现“厂网分离、竞价上网”改革后的电力供应链的竞争状态与发展趋势。     

控制火电厂二氧化硫排放的有效途径——排污权交易

目前,我国工业二氧化硫排放量中有42%是火电厂排放的,因此高效控制火电厂的二氧化硫排放是提高空气质量的主要途径。美国利用排污权交易治理火电厂的二氧化硫排放取得了巨大的成功,不仅二氧化硫排放量大幅下降,而且排污权交易也被证明是成本最低的方法。借鉴美国的经验,可以为我国治理火电厂二氧化硫排放提供高效途径。     

美国大型企业制度的变迁与我国民营企业转型

从19世纪40年代到该世纪末,美国企业顺利完成了现代管理革命:所有权与经营权正式分离,职业经理人出现并日趋职业化。目前,我国的民营企业正在实施转型。本文以美国企业制度变迁的历史为鉴,并结合当时的政策与环境进行分析,最后给出了我国民营企业转型的思路。     

CEO任期、CEO权力集中度与中国制造企业自主创新能力——基于中国制造业上市公司2006—2017年的经验证据

本文以中国制造业上市公司2006—2017年数据为研究对象,以CEO权力集中度为调节变量探讨了CEO任期与中国制造企业自主创新能力之间的关系,研究发现:①长期意义上CEO任期越长,越有利于自主创新能力提升;②CEO权力集中度越高,越有利于自主创新能力提升;③CEO权力集中度与CEO任期有"伴随效应",能够扩张CEO任期对自主创新能力的正向效应,正所谓"用人不疑,疑人不用";④在当前,国有制造企业更应注重CEO任期对自主创新能力的积极作用,应考虑增加国企CEO任期;而民营制造企业要注重公司治理结构中CEO权力集中度。结论具有稳健性。     

基于组合权的灰色关联分析在供电企业营销效果综合评价中的应用

在供电企业电力营销效果综合评价中,客观赋权法体现了指标的信息量,而主观赋权法体现了指标的价值量,综合评价应当体现二者的统一.针对电力营销效果评价,提出了基于组合权的灰色关联分析方法.对传统的灰色关联法进行改进,将该方法用于供电企业电力营销效果评价,得到了较好的结果.     

单片开关电源的原理及应用

TOPSwitch系列三端单片开关电源集成电路是由控制电压源、带隙基准电压源、振荡器、脉宽调制器等部分组成的。其工作原理是利用反馈电流来调节占空比达到稳压目的。在光电反馈式开关电源中由于增加了光电反馈电路 ,使输出电压的精度与调整率均得到明显提高。 TOP1 0 0系列还能构成固定频率、非连续式功率因数校正升压预调节器 ,可用于提高功率因数、降低无功功率、减少谐波及防止输出波形失真等作用。     

75kW中频感应加热电源的研制

针对中频感应加热电源对油田油井加热问题,本文采用PWM控制技术实现了功率可调。为使系统的功率因数较高,采用串联谐振和频率跟踪技术。中频感应加热电源采用IGBT作为开关器件,可工作在10 Hz-10 kHz频段。它充分利用中频趋肤效应、邻近效应和圆环效应原理,通过感应加热器和油管柱,使电能有效的转化为热能,从而达到原油降粘降稠、稳产高产的目的。