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31.
We evaluate the usefulness of the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter as a proxy for rational expectations, using long runs of annual
US inflation data. Our conclusion is that while the HP series are not fully rational in the sense of Muth (1961), they do
generally meet the criterion of `weak rationality' recently proposed by Grant and Thomas (1999). They are also rational proxy
predictors of direction for, following Merton (1981), agents would not change their prior in the opposite direction to these
`forecasts'. However, smoother HP `forecasts' are more prone to inefficiency and less useful predictors of direction.
First Version Received: May 2000/Final Version Received: May 2001 相似文献
32.
在未来一段时期,我国经济要实现“一保一控”的宏观调控目标,扩大内需是关键。国际经验表明,每一次的房价大幅度下降,都可能伴随着消费的停滞和经济的衰退。政府的宏观调控,既要有利于避免房价大幅上涨带来泡沫,也要防止房地产市场的过度波动对宏观经济稳定的冲击。因此,防止我国房地产业出现“大落”,应包含在“一保一控”宏调政策的内容之中。 相似文献
33.
Summary. We show the dynamics of diverse beliefs is the primary propagation mechanism of volatility in asset markets. Hence, we treat the characteristics of the market beliefs as a primary, primitive, explanation of market volatility. We study an economy with stock and riskless bond markets and formulate a financial equilibrium model with diverse and time varying beliefs. Agents states of belief play a key role in the market, requiring an endogenous expansion of the state space. To forecast prices agents must forecast market states of belief which are beliefs of others hence our equilibrium embodies the Keynes Beauty Contest. A market state of belief is a vector which uniquely identifies the distribution of conditional probabilities of agents. Restricting beliefs to satisfy the rationality principle of Rational Belief (see Kurz, 1994, 1997) our economy replicates well the empirical record of the (i) moments of the price/dividend ratio, risky stock return, riskless interest rate and the equity premium; (ii) Sharpe ratio and the correlation between risky returns and consumption growth; (iii) predictability of stock returns and price/dividend ratio as expressed by: (I) Variance Ratio statistic for long lags, (II) autocorrelation of these variables, and (III) mean reversion of the risky returns and the predictive power of the price/dividend ratio. Also, our model explains the presence of stochastic volatility in asset prices and returns. Two properties of beliefs drive market volatility: (i) rationalizable over confidence implying belief densities with fat tails, and (ii) rationalizable asymmetry in frequencies of bull or bear states.This research was supported by a grant of the Smith Richardson Foundation to the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR). We thank Kenneth Judd for constant advice which was crucial at several points in the development of this work. We also thank Kenneth Arrow, Min Fan, Michael Magill, Carsten Nielsen, Manuel Santos, Nicholas Yannelis, Ho-Mou Wu and Woody Brock for comments on earlier drafts. The RBE model developed in this paper and the associated programs used to compute it are available to the public on Mordecai Kurzs web page at http://www.stanford.edu/ mordecai.This revised version was published online in January 2005 with corrections to the Cover date. 相似文献
34.
从进出口部门的角度出发,通过构建进出口产品结构的合理性评价机制和评价指标,运用中日两国的投入产出表,对中日两国进出口产品结构的合理性进行分析和比较。结论如下:中国进出口产品结构的合理性要优于日本进出口产品结构的合理性,中国的进口产品合理度指数高于日本的进口产品合理度指数,而出口产品的合理度指数却低于日本。最后分析了产生这些差距的原因,并得出了重要的政策启示。 相似文献
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近几年,我国农业与农村基础设施投资不断增加促进了农业生产率的提高,加速了农村产业的转型。现代农业的逐步实施、农村环境的改善和保障体系的初步建成,使得农村消费增长的内在条件基本成熟。然而,刺激农村消费增长必须建立适合中国特色的理性消费机制,促进农民收入稳定增长,理性回归才能更好地保障农村经济可持续发展。 相似文献
37.
Are high–frequency traders (HFTs) informed? To address this question, we examine HFTs' activity in the call auction environment, where speed-related trading is limited and signal processing capacity becomes more relevant. To model the call market, we consider the Kyle (1989) rational expectations framework for strategic trading. The test we propose for detecting informed HFTs in this market assesses potential deviations of the informativeness of HFTs' aggregate (net) demand, from the informativeness of the aggregate demand submitted by the rest of the traders. Data from the Euronext Paris preopening phase indicate that informed HFTs are present in the market just before the opening. Our results provide useful guidance for the assessment of the influence of HFTs’ quotes on price quality, an important issue for market regulators and policy makers. 相似文献
38.
Modelling lottery sales as a function of the mean, standard deviation and skewness of the probability distribution of returns potentially gives insights into how the design of a game could be modified to maximise net revenue. But use of OLS is problematic because the level of sales itself affects values of the moments (and insufficient instruments are available for IV regression). We draw on the concept of a rational expectations equilibrium, developing a new regression model which corrects for endogeneity where the causal impact of the dependent variable on the right-hand side variables is deterministic. We apply the model to data on lotto sales from Spain. Using the Spanish data, we show that results provide more reliable guidance to lottery agencies because accounting for endogeneity leads to significantly different results from OLS and these results have superior performance in out-of-sample forecasting of sales. More generally, results prove consistent with the Friedman-Savage explanation of why people buy lottery tickets and with evidence from racetrack data that ‘bettors love skewness’. 相似文献
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