Unit determination: National Labor Relations Board rule making in the health care industry

This article reviews the events leading up to the National Labor Relations Board's (NLRB) historic decision to engage in substantive rule making over appropriate bargaining units in the health care industry. It describes the rule-making process and outcomes, and the reaction of hospital unions and management to the rules. Finally, the potential for the use of rule making for other issues facing the NLRB is analyzed. This analysis uses a cost/benefit framework from the agency's perspective to predict the likelihood of future rule making. The article concludes that rule making is sufficiently costly to make extensive use in other situations unlikely.The order of the author's names was determined randomly and should not be interpreted as implying an unequal contribution.     

劳动与资本在价值创造中的正和关系研究

在传统剩余价值论的架构中,劳动与资本在价值创造中只存在零和关系。本文试图在劳动价值论的前提下,论证劳动与资本在价值创造中可能存在的正和关系。经历了有关资本主义劳动过程的长期争论,多数西方马克思主义者认为,发达资本主义经济中存在着工人技能升级的长期趋势。这一点为我们运用"成正比"理论奠定了经验的前提。劳动生产率与单位时间创造的价值量成正比的理论,在国内已有半个世纪的历史。本文进一步发展了这一理论,将其运用于分析以技术变革和劳动复杂程度提高为基础的价值形成过程,并据以论述了劳动与资本之间的正和关系得以实现的经济条件。这种在不同层面存在的正和关系构成了相对剩余价值规律的抵销因素。     

关于分配与所有制关系若干问题的思考

共同富裕,消除两极分化是社会主义改革区别于资本主义改革的试金石,也是邓小平的社会主义改革理论中的一个根本问题。正确评估中国贫富差距扩大的形势,促进分配关系的调整和社会公平是经济研究者的职责所在。贫富差距扩大最根本原因在所有制结构的变化,即所有制结构的"公降私升"已经达到影响公有制为主体的临界点,造成这种状况是干扰"公有制经济为主体"的"私有化"倾向。本文认为毫不动摇地发展包括私有经济在内的非公有经济,要以坚持公有制经济为主体、国有经济为主导作为前提,即实行两个毫不动摇,齐头并进,才能保证我国社会主义基本经济制度的巩固发展,永远立于不败之地。     

海峡两岸经济合作框架协议（ECFA）对中美经贸及政治关系的影响——基于复合相互依赖理论的视角

海峡两岸经济合作框架协议（ECFA）是大陆与台湾＂五项共同愿景＂中迈出的重要一步,必将对中美经贸、政治关系等产生深远影响。本文将基于复合相互依赖理论的视角对ECFA及对中美关系的影响进行分析,并提出＂经济过程解释模式＂、＂总体权力结构解释模式＂和＂问题领域结构解释模式＂方面的建议。     

The Technology Innovation System in Japan

In recent years, many pieces of the Japanese puzzle have been identified and described as lessons for Western businessmen to learn. But the pieces are part of an interlocking system and to understand the role of each piece, it's necessary to see the whole. In the Japanese technology innovation system there are many parts—companies, universities, research institutes, government—and the way they are put together is the subject of this article by Joseph MacDowall. He points out some very unique characteristics about the way the system works. But he also points out some characteristics that are very much Western in origin. This article is based on the personal observations of the author, made during in-depth discussions he held during site visits to over 20 industrial plants or to their research and development laboratories, 25 government research institutes, and at least eight Japanese universities. During the four years he lived in Japan, Mr. MacDowall participated in discussions on the subjects of research, technology, work life, and Japanese culture.     

人工智能引发劳动关系变革:系统重构与治理框架

随着人工智能技术的快速发展,人工智能迅速融入各产业以及企业管理的各个领域,给劳动力市场带来了新挑战,冲击了传统的劳动关系,引发劳动关系变革。但目前学界对于人工智能技术进步对劳动关系的影响研究缺乏系统化的理论分析和治理思路。本文依据机器行为学与劳动关系系统理论,将人机动态演变关系与传统劳动关系系统理论融合,通过理论逻辑推演,对人工智能赋能及人工智能合作阶段下的劳动关系系统进行重构,并提出以"保护算法控制下的弱势劳动者"为基本逻辑、以"可信赖的AI与体面的劳动"为目标的治理框架,分别从政府促进劳资双方力量动态平衡、实施全面的"劳动安全性"措施、进行"全谱系"的劳动保障政策设计,行业根据行业"异质性"制定劳动标准,企业实行基于"人性"的底层逻辑进行管理变革三个层面提出治理框架和策略,旨在超越传统劳动关系治理的"路径依赖",为有效应对人工智能引发的劳动关系变革提供新的治理思路。     

Managing the locals: employee relations in South Asian restaurants

This paper examines the management of employee relations in South Asian firms in the UK independent restaurant sector. Key working practices pertaining to the employment relationship are examined in a particular socio-economic and spatial context. Acknowledging such contexts facilitates an appreciation of how ethnicity and employment relations interact, rather than abstracting culture from the material context in which it operates. Consistent with this analytic focus, a mixed embeddedness perspective (Kloosterman et al. 1999) is adopted which recognizes the importance of both economic and social aspects of ethnic minority entrepreneurship. A qualitative methodology, drawing upon 23 case histories (involving both employer and employee perspectives) is deployed. The indications from this research suggest that the employment relationship is an outcome of the fluid interaction of social, economic and geographical contexts. This renders problematic both culturalist and purely economic approaches to ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Future research should carefully consider how the employment relationship is influenced by its embeddedness within specific communities.     

我国民营企业劳资关系新探

企业作为市场经济条件下协调劳动关系的主体,对改善劳资关系和完善劳动力市场起着极其重要的作用,而在企业的利益共同体中,劳资双方的统一与合作是绝对的,对立与冲突是相对的。本文从"经济人"和"社会人"视角对劳资关系的对立统一思想进行了理论探源。在现实新探方面,以制造业为例阐述了劳动力的低成本优势,并且认为农民工才是劳资冲突中的特殊群体。同时,劳动力的正外部性对持续性供给的冲击,加剧了我国当前的民工荒现象。为解决紧张的劳资关系,企业应承担相应的社会责任,良好的企业信誉将形成巨大的无形资产,增强其持续发展能力。     

财政分配关系中的地方政府非规范性竞争行为分析

文章剖析了蔓延于我国央地财政分配关系运行中的地方政府非规范性竞争行为,并解释了这些行为的生成机制:特定的情境条件所形成的内在动力、激励机制、约束条件和弹性的行为空间这四组关键变量的组合。在经济社会转型时期,我们需要在坚持既有的政治优势和控制方式的同时,对地方利益诉求进行"同情地理解",探求激励地方政府"买账"的财政体制改革。     

创业团队异质性对科技型新创企业绩效的影响

创业团队知识多样性和社会关系网络会对科技型新创企业技术创新产生较大影响,进而影响其成长。基于已有的创业团队异质性研究主要是借鉴高管团队异质性的研究结论,结合资源基础理论和社会交换理论,研究了知识异质性和社会关系网络异质性对新创科技型企业的作用机理,并探讨了创新氛围和社会关系网络质量在新创科技型企业资源整合及利用过程中的调节作用。对河南省304家科技型新创企业的实证研究发现,创业团队知识异质性与创业绩效间存在倒U型关系,并受到创新氛围的负向调节和社会关系网络质量的正向调节;创业团队社会关系网络异质性正向影响创业绩效,并受到创新氛围和社会关系网络质量的正向调节。