The effects of land sales restrictions: evidence from south India

The effects of land sales restrictions on credit use, land investment and cultivation decisions are investigated using data from two villages in south India. Sales restrictions are found to have little ellect on credit supply and demand or demand tor land improvements. Some household characteristics are found to affect investment demand on plots subject to sales restrictions in one village, suggesting that the ‘transactions effect’ of such restrictions may be inhibiting allocative efficiency. However, we also find that household characteristics influence investment on titled plots, and that the magnitude of impact of such characteristics is greater on titled plots. These results imply that sales restrictions are not a major source of inelficiency in the villages studied, and suggest that the nature of village credit and land markets and enforcement ot sales restrictions are critical determinants of the impacts of such restrictions.     

Space matters: the importance of amenity in planning metropolitan growth

Most Australian capital cities require many 100,000s of additional dwellings to accommodate demographic change and population pressures in the next two or three decades. Urban growth will come in the form of infill, consolidation and urban expansion. Plans to redevelop environmental amenities such as parks and open green spaces are regularly being put forward to local councils and State governments. Maintaining parks and reserves represents one of the largest costs to local councils. To aid in the evaluation of some of the different propositions, we report the results of a spatial hedonic pricing model with fixed effects for Adelaide, South Australia. The results indicate that the private benefits of a close proximity to golf courses, green space sporting facilities, or the coast, are in the order $0.54, $1.58, and $4.99 per metre closer (when evaluated at the median respectively). The historic Adelaide Parklands add $1.55 to a property’s value for each additional metre closer. We demonstrate how the estimated model could be used to calculate how local private benefits capitalized in property values change with changes in the configuration of a park.     

The global effects of productivity gains in Asian emerging economies

This paper investigates international responses of key macroeconomic variables to simultaneous shocks to productivity in the traded sector in eight Asian emerging and developing countries. We use panel estimation techniques to construct component sub-models in a thirty country global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model. We identify the shocks by using sign restricted impulse responses. We find that increases in traded-sector productivity in Asian emerging and developing countries have a positive effect on economic growth and international trade for most countries.     

Restrictive land covenants

Even though land-use convenants are a pervasive feature in residential land markets, they are typically subsumed into the economist's picture of zoning and related land-use regulation. In contrast to the traditional approach, the premise of this study is that land covenants differ from zoning in important respects. This study examines the characteristics of covenants as an institution and why it exists as a distinct method of private control in land markets. The approach taken here emphasizes the role of credible commitment in explaining why covenants differ from both zoning and private contracts among individuals. The paper also examines why covenants tend to vary spatially within urban areas, presenting two theories to evaluate the evidence from an urban housing market.     

The difficulties of evaluating sales training

Practitioners and researchers acknowledge the importance of sales training; however, limited attention is devoted to empirical sales training evaluation practices. This article addresses four major sources of sales training evaluation difficulties: (1) managerial perceptions; (2) evaluation restrictions; (3) methodological problems; and (4) lack of empirical evidence. After discussing each area, managers are provided with suggestions that can be implemented to minimize sales training evaluation problems.     

定中超常搭配的语用效果探析

词与词之间的组合关系受选择限制条件制约,词语之间的搭配有正常搭配和超常搭配两种。超常搭配是对常规语义结构的偏离,从而造成出乎意料的修辞效果的一种搭配方式。接收者只有拥有一定的文化知识背景,了解信息的前后联系,与传递者达成默契,才能理解定中超常搭配的语用效果。     

我国企业年金计划模式选择

针对我国目前的国情现状和企业年金计划的发展阶段,在企业年金计划的基金积累和支付、运营、税制优惠、监管四个环节,分别采用兼容收益确定型和缴费确定型优势的模式、信托基金型模式、EET税制模式、定量限制型模式,才能从根本上促进我国企业年金计划的顺畅运行,使其真正成为我国养老金计划的＂第二支柱＂。     

束缚与自由

本文从哲学和文学的双重角度,探讨束缚与自由这一对既相互矛盾又相互依存的概念。从哲学上讲,世界具有对立统一的性质。自由的存在,也就必然有其对立的另一面。自由要受到束缚的制约,束缚又给了自由的真正自由。从文学的角度探讨人如何在规则束缚下发挥最大的自由。     

Managing in a Nuevo Mundo: Accommodating Linguistic and Cultural Diversity Under Title VII

This article examines a legal issue that is derivative of the increasingly multicultural character of the American work force. The recent case of Garcia v. Spun Steak (1993, 1994) is illustrative of the challenge managers can face in dealing with cultural and linguistic diversity in the workplace. Over time, there have been conflicting messages in employment discrimination law as to the propriety of employer-imposed restrictions on the use of languages other than English in the workplace. However, the basic question involves the balancing of both the employer's right to manage the business and the right to self-expression in the language of one's choice in the workplace. Recommendations are made as to how each party's rights can be balanced under the law. What will be seen is that in the nuevo mundo of work found at the edge of the twenty-first century, the interests of both employers and employees may be best served by policies favoring language promotion over language restrictions.