The Economic Emergence of Women: Bergmann's Six Commitments

I suggest in this essay that Barbara Bergmann's approach to the economics of women is characterized by six striking dimensions, or what I call 'commitments', namely: (1) a willingness to incorporate values into her analysis openly; (2) a commitment to applied economics - economic analysis that supports policy change that will improve women's and children's lives; (3) a commitment to empirical economics, i.e. to data collection and data-based analysis; (4) a commitment to communication with the public; (5) a commitment to the truth even if it challenges convenient orthodoxy; (6) a commitment to focus on how change can occur - to be positive not defeatist. A review of these six commitments, I demonstrate, reveals that they are held together by the first one, her willingness to incorporate values into her scholarly work openly.     

发展经济学视角下脱贫攻坚战胜利的理论分析

摆脱贫困一直是困扰全球发展和治理的突出难题。我国脱贫攻坚战的全面胜利充分彰显了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的真理伟力。从发展经济学的视角来看,脱贫攻坚的提出符合经济发展阶段理论的要求,脱贫攻坚的过程是区域协调发展理论的外在表现,脱贫攻坚的全面胜利是循环累积因果关系的必然结果。虽然取得全面胜利,防止将来大规模返贫任务依然严峻。     

关于现行个人所得税税前扣除问题的探讨

综合考虑各方面因素，从纵向公平的角度，我国目前个人所得税800元的税前扣除标准不宜提高，可以通过扩大最低税率级距的办法对中等收入者进行照顾。从横向公平的角度，不宜实行不同地区不同税前扣除标准。对于已有工资薪金所得并已进行税前扣除的个人获得的劳务报酬、稿酬等应全额征税，不再进行税前费用扣除。     

外国直接投资对我国城镇贫困的影响——基于1985-2005年家户调查数据的协整分析

外国直接投资(FDI)一般能够促进东道国的经济增长,但对于收入分配以致对于贫困的影响却是不确定的。本文运用协整理论和自向量回归模型实证研究了外国直接投资与我国城镇贫困之间的关系。结果表明,外国直接投资显著地提高了贫困人口在总人口中的收入份额,因此会产生有利于穷人的经济增长,具有积极的减贫效果。但是外国直接投资同时也加重了贫困人口内部收入的不平等。     

滇东少数民族地区扶贫开发的SWOT分析

本文首先对滇东少数民族地区贫困的优势、劣势、机遇与挑战进行了全面分析,找出该区域扶贫的有利和不利的因素,以及潜在的机遇和威胁,在此基础上提出了滇东少数民族地区扶贫开发的对策建议。     

中国城乡贫困动态演化的实证研究:1990～2005年

本文基于中国营养与健康调查1990～2005年的家庭微观调查数据,采用贫困指标束和转移矩阵的方法,分别考察了中国贫困的整体变动趋势及其动态演化特征。研究显示:中国城乡贫困整体呈现不断上升的趋势,但其各期贫困水平及上升幅度存在差异。城乡总体脱贫返贫概率变动趋势较为一致,但其水平存在差异,且城乡内部各收入组脱贫返贫概率的水平和变动趋势也不尽相同。城乡返贫概率都呈现明显的状态依赖特征,但城市脱贫概率的状态依赖不断加强,而农村脱贫概率的状态依赖有所减弱。大部分脱贫家庭收入变动到中位数收入的75%以上,同时大部分返贫家庭收入变动到贫困群体的较高收入组中。     

Assessing poverty-deforestation links: Evidence from Swat, Pakistan

This paper contributes to the debate on the links between poverty and forestry degradation; the view that due to poverty and the meeting of subsistence needs the poor use natural resources more intensively and hence cause them to degrade. Using the case of the forest rich Swat district, Pakistan, the paper addresses the issue empirically, historically, and institutionally. We do not find empirical support for the “poverty-environment nexus”, in that the poor and other income groups are equally resource dependent and also show that resource degradation is not associated with poverty. Our historical and institutional analyses provide alternative explanations for resource degradation. Selective and rotating ownership patterns, starting with the 17th century, provided limited incentive for resource conservation. It also created tension between de jure and de facto owners, that has persisted, and is one source of forest degradation. Ill-defined resource rights have also exacerbated the impacts of several other factors contributing to forest degradation which is compounded by poor management, corruption, and perverse incentives.     

Do the urban poor face higher food prices? Evidence from Vietnam

Whether there is a poverty penalty, in terms of food prices, is unsettled in the literature after more than four decades of study. Unit values from household surveys suggest that prices vary with income while outlet surveys typically find food prices varying with store type but not with neighborhood income. Most outlet surveys are from rich countries, with just one spatially limited study from a developing country. In this paper we use especially collected food price data from metropolitan areas of Vietnam to test whether the urban poor face higher food prices. Food prices in low-income neighborhoods are 1% lower, on average, than in other neighborhoods. Unit values give a different answer to the question of whether the poor face higher prices and are not suited to answer such a question.     

试论商洛地区主导产业的选择及开发策略

区域经济开发要发挥比较优势。通过对商洛地区资源优势分析,将绿色农业、旅游、采矿业作为主导产业的选择,并在人力资源开发、产业化、招商引资战略等方面提出相应产业开发策略。     

Poverty and vulnerability in the Punjab,Pakistan: A multilevel analysis

This study estimates the prevalence and extent of vulnerability to poverty in the Punjab province of Pakistan. A multilevel model is used to analyze survey data of about 90,000 households distributed across 150 towns/tehsils. Empirical estimates show that the vulnerability rate is higher than the rate of poverty, and poverty-induced vulnerability is higher than risk-induced vulnerability. Moreover, idiosyncratic-vulnerability is higher than covariate-vulnerability. Unlike previous studies that find poverty to be a rural phenomenon, this research shows that poverty and vulnerability are equally high in urban areas. A high level of urban vulnerability adds urgency to anti-poverty interventions given a rapid urbanization in Pakistan.