我国石油对外贸易流量分析与对策研究

石油是关系国家经济安全的重要战略物资，本文通过对我国石油进出口贸易一些流量指标的分析，发现：（1）石油净进口量过大，进口依存度偏高，并有逐年递增的趋势；（2）原油进口的地区集中度偏高，不利于石油资源供应稳定；（3）国际油价持续高企，对国内经济稳定造成威胁。并据此提出了相关政策建议。     

如何应对"非市场经济国家"的反倾销歧视

我国被西方国家列入“非市场经济国家”名单，在反倾销问题上受到不公平的歧视性做法，使我国的国家利益受到严重损失。本拟就西方国家对“非市场经济国家”实施反倾销的歧视性以及应对措施进行探讨。     

中韩贸易模式的变迁：从互补到竞争

对中韩贸易的大部分研究集中于双方的互补性，回避竞争。本文从双方进出口商品结构、在主要出口市场及在对方国内市场三个方面论述中韩贸易竞争的表现，然后从中国竞争力迅速提高、中韩出口结构趋同、未来科技发展重合、出口市场高度重叠等方面分析其中的原因，特别指出深层原因是发展模式相同，产业结构相似。最后提出建议：韩国首先要改变防范中国的心理，以合作代替对抗；在政府层面、产业层面和企业层面加强合作，并指出了优先的合作领域：石油开发、铁矿石采购、高新技术开发等。     

我国生产性服务贸易的发展及国际竞争力分析

生产性服务作为服务业和加工业的粘舍剂．以服务业为中心将产业价值链的各个环节串连起来，成为先进工业化国家后工业化的重要特征。因而，生产性服务贸易也就成为服务贸易的重要内容与发展趋势。本文对我国生产性服务贸易进行了实证分析，结果表明：我国生产性服务贸易发展速度较快，但贸易结构落后，贸易逆差逐年扩大，竞争力较弱，影响到作为世界加工厂的我国制造业。因此，扩大生产性服务贸易，改善生产性服务贸易结构，是提高我国生产服务贸易国际竞争能力的重要举措。     

论贸易政策合理性的评价标准及反倾销的不合理性

目前，国内学界对反倾销的合理性问题存在着激烈的争论。合理性问题是一个评价问题，合理性评价的前提是合理性的评价标准。国内学界在对反倾销合理性问题进行争论的时候忽略了这一前提，即没有给反倾销合理性确定一个比较明确的评价标准，这就使这种评价失去了依据。文章从合理性的含义出发，提出了贸易政策是否具有合理性的三个评价标准，并在此基础上对反倾销的不合理性进行了分析和探讨。     

Do we really care about Biodiversity?

This paper addresses from an economic perspective the issue of global biodiversity conservation. It challenges the perception that the world really cares a great deal about biodiversity and is prepared to pay the full cost of maintaining this stock of natural capital. Despite the existence of a plethora of international agreements there still seems to be a global ‘deficit of care’ surrounding efforts to combat challenges such as those posed by global warming and biodiversity conservation. More light can be thrown on the degree of care by measuring both the actual expenditures and the stated willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation. However, actual expenditures are much lower than willingness to pay estimates recorded in the published literature. Using the criteria that the ‘right’ amount of conservation effort is one where the marginal economic benefits from conservation just equal the marginal costs of conservation, the paper explores the biodiversity conservation conundrum and concluded that, on the available evidence, the world does not care too much about this natural capital stock and bequests to future generations. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Dimensions of quality upgrading

The impact of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies’ trade integration with European markets on CEE trade structures has been studied extensively. These studies frequently observe a quality upgrading of CEE exports. In this paper we consider three dimensions of quality upgrading: upgrading across industries, upgrading across different quality segments within industries and, finally, product upgrading within quality segments inside industries. For the analysis we partition industries into quality segments based on EU‐15 import unit values. The results for ten CEE countries (comprising the CEE‐5, the Baltics and South East Europe) and thirteen industries suggest fundamental differences, both across country groups and across the three different notions of quality upgrading. The CEE‐5 show no evidence of entering a ‘low‐quality trap’ in all three dimensions. By contrast, while there is a general catching‐up process across industries and inside quality segments, the second notion of low‐quality specialization may be applicable within the high‐tech industries to the performance for the Baltics and South East Europe as a group.     

Double Moral Hazard,Monitoring, and the Nature of Contracts

generalized double-sided moral-hazard model, with risk-averse parties who mutually monitor each other (to get a reasonable idea of outcome/effort). The model considers trade-off between monitoring costs and moral hazard costs, which are endogenously determined by the extent of monitoring. Using this model, we formally prove a generalized version of Coase's conjecture – that the optimal contract minimizes the agency and risk costs. We then show how varying assumptions about the feasibility or cost of monitoring of the outcome or the worker's effort lead to different contracts being optimal. The analysis is then used to explain the nature of contracts observed in practice under many different situations. We will give an explanation as to why industrial workers typically work under wage contracts, while share contracts are common in agriculture and will explain why profit sharing is more common for senior managers than for the production workers. Received September 19, 2000; revised version received October 30, 1997     

A strategic market game with seigniorage costs of Fiat money

Summary. A model that includes the cost of producing money is presented and the nature of the inefficient equilibria in the model are examined. It is suggested that if one acknowledges that transactions are a form of production, which requires the consumption of resources, then the concept of Pareto optimality is inappropriate for assessing efficiency. Instead it becomes necessary to provide an appropriate comparative analysis of alternative transactions mechanisms in the appropriate context. Received: September 5, 2000; revised version: May 3, 2001     

Costly pollution abatement, competitiveness and plant location decisions

The NAFTA debate included assertions that were used as arguments against trade and investment liberalization. (1) Trade liberalization increases production sensitivity to environmental restrictions (‘environmental dumping’?). (2) Investment liberalization, leading to multinational firms, similarly increases the production and welfare response to costly environmental restrictions. I find that: (1) Trade liberalization increases production sensitivity to costly environmental restrictions, but arguments against liberal trade on welfare grounds do not follow. (2) Multinationals do not increase the production-reallocation effect caused by environmental restrictions or regulations. In addition, I find a great difference between restrictions that fall on fixed costs and restrictions that fall on marginal costs.